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The Enlightenment
The time period that questioned the traditional authority and felt that humanity could be improved through reasonable and rational change. The great minds of the Enlightenment inspired the foundations of American government. -
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Salutary Neglect
British policy in the 13 colonies which allowed the colonists to ignore trade laws (no effective way to enforce the laws and it was expensive to keep troops in the colonies). -
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French & Indian War
As a result of this conflict, the American colonists began to lose respect for the British. The British also began to tax the colonists to help pay off the debt from the war. -
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Unfair British Acts
Sugar Act (Monopoly of trade/Unfair trials), Quartering Act (Violated their rights), Stamp Act (Taxation without representation), Townshend Act (Unfair taxes - led to Boston Massacre). All sparked the Revolution. -
Boston Massacre
Incident between colonists and British troops where a group of "unarmed" colonists were killed. -
Boston Tea Party
Sons of Liberty led a protest of the Tea Act by destroying a shipment of tea dressed as Native Americans and dumping the tea into the harbor. -
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Revolutionary War
Conflict between British colonists and the British government resulting in American independence. -
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Second Continental Congress
They created the Olive Branch Petition & the Declaration of Independence. They also governed the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation during the Revolution. -
Common Sense
Written by Thomas Paine to encourage colonists to revolt against the British by pointing out the faults in the British government. It was written so everyone could understand it. Paine established the concept of Rule of Law where no one was above the law. -
Declaration of Independence
The official split between the American colonists and the British government - explained why the Americans HAD to break from Britain. Explained natural rights and the role of government to protect those rights. It was written by Thomas Jefferson. -
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Articles of Confederation
This is what governed the United States during the Revolution and the first few years of our independence. It established the Northwest Ordinance and gave more power to the states than the national government - this didn't work out well. -
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Shays' Rebellion
First major rebellion after American independence. Loans from the Revolution were being demanded back. The legislature passed a heavy tax that had to be paid in specie, which is gold & silver. Daniel Shays led a group of farmers (war veterans) in rebellion against the tax. This incident showed the weakness of the national government under the Articles of Confederation. -
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The Constitutional Convention
At the Constitutional Convention representatives (federalists) from every state attended and created the U.S. Constitution. It was filled with divisions & compromises. They wanted to address the flaws of the Articles of Confederation. The goal was to create a stronger national government. -
3/5ths Compromise
The North & South compromised over how a state's slave population would factor into the state's total population. For every 5 slaves, 3 would count toward that state's population. -
Northwest Ordinance
Process for territories to become states. One of the few successes of the Articles of Confederation. -
Great Compromise
This was a compromise between the Virginia & New Jersey plans. It created a bicameral legislature - the Senate (equal representation) and the House of Representatives (representation based on population). -
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George Washington's Administration
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was important because many new inventions (machines) and ideas came out during this time period. American trade increased (manufactured goods), but it did lead to a division between the North (factories/cities) and the South (farming). -
U.S. Constitution
The Constitution is a document that was the plan for our government. James Madison is considered the "Father of the Constitution." It established a strong national government, replacing the Articles of Confederation. It established the Federal System of Government as well as the Separation of Power and the System of Checks-and-Balances. -
Residence Act of 1790
Specified the size and location of the nation's capital. It named the capital the District of Columbia (later to have Washington added to its title). It would be under federal authority NOT state. -
Hamilton's Plan
Tariff of 1789 (tax on imported goods) and the Excise Tax of 1791 (tax on luxury items) were both a part of his plan. These were meant to cover the government's expenses and help pay off their war debt. He wanted the national government to take on the state debts to strengthen the national government. -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. They were created to protect the rights of the people. Partially added to alleve the fear that the strong national government could crush the rights of the people. -
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Lucretia Mott
Advocate for the women's rights movement. Co-organizer of the Seneca Falls convention and co-writer of the Declaration of Sentiments. Important in opening up both job and educational opportunities for women. -
Neutrality Proclamation
Washington's attempt to remain neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and France after being pressured by both to join them. -
Cotton Gin Invented
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to help in the separation of seeds from cotton. Unintended consequence was it increased the amount of work expected of slaves in the fields (keep up with the machine). -
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Cornelius Vanderbilt (Railroads)
Cornelius Vanderbilt was an American entrepreneur. He started a successful ferry company originally only consisting of one boat. Later he bought railroads in New York, which then turned into an empire of railroad companies. Rail travel became popular in the 1860s and became America's primary form of transportation, linking the East and West through commerce like never before in United States history. -
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Whiskey Rebellion
A group of farmers negatively impacted by the Whiskey Tax led a protest that quickly got out of hand. The national government was able to show its strength when they sent in a military force that disbanded the rebellion. This showed the success of federalism and a bigger government. -
Jay's Treaty
U.S. treaty to negotiate peace with Great Britain and avoid war. Britain was to leave forts in the Northwest of the U.S. They were unable to stop the impressment (seizing of ships) of U.S. ships. The treaty was a failure. -
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Horace Mann
Horace Mann is considered the "Father of Public Education" because of his fight to expand education to all Americans. He fought to create a common curriculum for all students (including Republican Virtues), better teacher training, and division of students by grades. -
Washington's Farewell Address
George Washington's farewell and advice for our nation to find success: importance of a good/strong central government, warned against a large standing military, importance of being an educated voter, warned against the formation of political parties, importance of avoiding debt, and warned against permanent foreign alliances. -
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Sojourner Truth
Former slave who played an important role in both the abolitionist movement and women's rights movement. Her "Ain't I a Woman" speech highlighted the expectation that she produce as much as the male slaves on the plantations. She did, which was evidence that women CAN do what men do. -
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John Adams' Administration
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XYZ Affair
American diplomats were sent to France to negotiate the issues (an undeclared naval war) between France and the United States in order to avoid a war. Americans were upset by the treatment of their diplomats - the French demanded a bribe for them to speak with them. -
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Alien & Sedition Acts
These acts were created by John Adams because of the French threat. The Alien Act gave the government the right to deport foreigners. The Sedition Act gave the government the right to punish those who spoke poorly of the government. They worked against Adams in the next election because they were unpopular with the American public. -
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Temperance Movement
This was a movement organized to eliminate the consumption of alcohol. They were able to decrease the amount of alcohol consumed, got some bans (businesses/local/state level), and got individuals to take abstinence pledges. -
The Election of 1800
John Adams was running for his second term as a Federalist and Thomas Jefferson was running as a Democratic Republican. Thomas Jefferson won due to a lack of support in Adams' own party, which slowly killed the federalist party. -
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Thomas Jefferson's Administration
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Dorothea Dix
Visited prisons and felt they needed to improve the conditions. She fought to improve the food, clothing, and the way prisoners were paired up in cells. She also fought to create separate mental institutions to help the mentally ill who were, at the time, being put in prison. -
Marbury v. Madison
James Madison tried to deny the appointment of federalist judges. William Marbury was one of those appointments. Marbury sued James Madison to get his appointment and the Supreme Court ruled against William Marbury. The Judicial Branch does not have the power to force the Executive Branch to deliver the papers. -
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon sold the Louisiana territory to the U.S. for $15 million. Napoleon was looking to get money to fund his campaign through Europe. -
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Lewis & Clark Expedition
President Jefferson sent Lewis & Clark to chart the territory gained in the Louisiana Purchase. Sacajawea served as their guide. Zebulon Pike completed a similar trek through the southern portion. -
Hamilton v. Burr
Alexander Hamilton ruined Aaron Burr's political career. Burr finally challenged Hamilton to a duel where he mortally wounded Hamilton. -
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William Lloyd Garrison
Radical abolitionist who wrote the Liberator (an antislavery newspaper). He also founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. -
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General Robert E. Lee
Commander of the Confederate military during most of the Civil War. -
Embargo Act of 1807
Jefferson passed this act outlawing trade with foreign countries. This was an attempt to stop European impressment of American ships, but ultimately it just hurt American trade. -
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Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederacy throughout the Civil War. -
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James Madison's Administration
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War of 1812
This "second" revolution between the Americans and British was caused by the British impressment of American ships and their support of Native American attacks in the West. The United States was able to withstand the British attack and maintain its independence. They gained the respect of the world, saw an increase in patriotism among Americans, and saw an increase in industry as a result of the war. -
Centralized Textile Factory (Francis Cabot Lowell)
The first centralized textile mill was created by Francis Cabot Lowell. This mill produced complete products in one location, increasing the efficiency (fast production of quality goods) of these factories. -
Burning of Washington D.C.
British troops were able to invade the United States, make their way to the capital, and burn the White House down. -
Bombardment of Fort McHenry
The British bombarded Fort McHenry all night long, but when day broke the American flag still stood waving above the fort. This situation served an inspiration for Francis Scott Key's "Star Spangled Banner." -
Treaty of Ghent
Representatives from Great Britain and the United States met at Ghent, Belgium and officially ended the War of 1812. -
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Market Revolution
This time period was characterized by an increase in the buying/selling of goods, borrowing/circulation of money, and the creation of wealth. -
Battle of New Orleans
This was the last major battle in the War of 1812. The treaty was signed, but word didn't make it to the U.S. before the battle took place. Andrew Jackson led a successful defense of New Orleans against a tough British force. This ended the war on a positive note for America (increased patriotism). -
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Advocate for the women's rights movement. Co-organizer of the Seneca Falls convention and co-writer of the Declaration of Sentiments. Important in opening up both job and educational opportunities for women. -
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James Monroe's Administration
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Frederick Douglass
An escaped slave who taught himself to read and write. He became a key speaker and writer in the abolitionist movement using his own experiences as a slave to inspire other abolitionists. -
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Harriet Tubman
Former slave who escaped to freedom. She became a key figure in the Underground Railroad helping to free hundreds of slaves. -
Missouri Compromise
This allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, created the state of Maine as a free state, and established the 36-30 line for future free state/slave state debates. North of that line would be free, and south of that line would be slave. -
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General Ulysses S. Grant
Union general in charge in the West at the beginning of the war. His promotion to commander of the Union forces would be a major reason for the Union's turnaround in the Civil War. -
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William Marcy Tweed
An American political boss with a lot of influence over the New York state government through his political machine - Tammany Hall. -
Monroe Doctrine
Four parts of the doctrine: 1) The U.S. would not get involved in European affairs. 2) The U.S. would not interfere with European colonies that already existed in the Americas. 3) The U.S. would not allow Europe to expand their colonial borders in the Americas or try to take new colonies there. 4) Any attempt by a European nation to expand or further colonize in the Americas (wherever) would be viewed as an attack on the U.S. itself. -
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General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
Robert E. Lee's 2nd in command. He was a brilliant military mind and his death by friendly fire at Chancellorsville would be a major turning point in the war. -
Corrupt Bargain
Neither John Quincy Adams nor Andrew Jackson won a majority in the electoral college, so the vote went to the House of Representatives. The Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, used his position to speak in favor of John Quincy Adams. Aftter the House voted for JQA, Henry Clay became his Secretary of State. Coincidence? -
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John Quincy Adams' Administration
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Completion of the B&O Railroad
The first "true" railroad of the United States. It connected Baltimore to Ohio and helped expand trade. -
Tariff of 1828
The Tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufactured goods which upset the South because they imported most of their manufactured goods. South Carolina actually threatened to secede and President Andrew Jackson threatened to use military force to prevent this before a compromise was made to resolve the situation (the tariff was reduced and SC remained & paid it). -
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Andrew Jackson's Administration
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Indian Removal Act
Jackson signed this into law and it allowed the President to relocate Native Americans from the South to land in the West. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner (ex-slave) led a successful slave rebellion where a group was able to revolt against their masters. However, a local militia did put their rebellion to an end. As a result slave owners began to get more harsh with their slaves to prevent future uprisings. -
Worcester v. Georgia
Samuel Worcester (missionary) brought this case to the Supreme Court to help the Cherokee keep their land in Georgia. John Marshall and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee, however President Andrew Jackson made it clear he would NOT do anything to enforce this ruling. -
Bank War
Andrew Jackson did not like the National Bank because he felt it was under the control of a small group of wealthy New Englanders. Nicholas Biddle (president of the bank) tried to recharter the bank early. President Jackson vetoed the charter, which the Whigs tried to use against him in the Election of 1832, but Jackson was able to win the election anyways. -
First Labor Union
The National Trades Union was the first national labor union organized in the United States. These organizations were formed to protect the interests of its members by protecting the wages, hours worked, and working conditions. -
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Andrew Carnegie (Carnegie Steel)
Dominated the steel industry through his vertical consolidation method where he gained control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of the product's development. This method of industrial control allowed Carnegie Steel to maintain very low production costs, which in turn allowed Carnegie to cut prices. Andrew Carnegie was also a man of charity and preached the "gospel of wealth" - people should be free to make as much money as possible, but should give it away. -
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Martin Van Buren's Administration
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J.P. Morgan (General Electric)
American financier/banker who created the General Electric Company. He stepped up a couple times in helping the government out of debt during economic recessions. -
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Trail of Tears
Under President Martin Van Buren, this was the forced march of Native Americans from their lands in the South to the "undesirable" land in the Louisiana territory. This was a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 (President Jackson). -
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John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil)
The owner of the most successful oil company in the world, Standard Oil. Competed with Andrew Carnegie for the title of world's richest man. Helped to get President McKinley elected to avoid the national government attacking big businesses like his. -
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William Henry Harrison's Administration
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John Tyler's Administration
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James K. Polk's Administration
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Annexation of Texas
President Polk convinced Congress to annex Texas. This led to a border dispute with Mexico (Rio Grande vs. Nueces River). -
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Mexican War
General Taylor led U.S. troops into disputed zone, which led to a Mexican attack and formal declaration of war between the two nations. Bear Flag Revolt - American settlers in California led a revolt against the Mexican forces driving them out of the region. Santa Anna was eventually surrounded in Mexico City and forced to surrender. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ended this conflict. -
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Thomas Edison (Lightbulb)
Edison grew up wanting to know more about electricity. At 23 he left his job and became an inventor. In 1880 Edison and his crew found a workable filament made of bamboo fiber. People who wanted their own electricity had to use generators. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
This officially ended the conflict between the U.S. and Mexico. The territory gained in this treaty would create tension between the North & South over whether or not slavery would be allowed there. -
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Seneca Falls Convention
First women's rights convention in U.S. history. Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. The Declaration of Sentiments was developed in an attempt to fight for better treatment. -
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Zachary Taylor's Administration
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Compromise of 1850
This compromise sought to find middle ground between the North & South:
1. California would be a free state
2. New Mexico & Utah would be open to popular sovereignty
3. Slave sale would be ended in D.C. though slavery was still allowed there
4. The Fugitive Slave Act
* Unpopular with EVERYONE -
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Millard Fillmore's Administration
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Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel was the most powerful statement made during this period about the impact of slavery. Stowe's novel was an instant best seller. Lincoln jokingly credited her for the Civil War. The novel provided a vivid picture of slavery in the South for northerners. It outraged the South. -
Frederick Douglass' Independence Day Speech
This speech was given to explain how the celebration of Independence Day was only for white Americans. It served as a reminder of the freedom and independence that African Americans simply did not have. -
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Franklin Pierce's Administration
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Gadsden Purchase
Mexican government sold the southern portion of New Mexico and Arizona to the U.S. This completed the continental U.S. that we know today. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
A "solution" for Stephen Douglas to win support of North & South in his run for President. It opened Kansas & Nebraska up to popular sovereignty. It ended in disaster with Bleeding Kansas. -
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Booker T. Washington
African American leader who pushed for African Americans to try to earn equality and respect from the white population through economic equality. -
"Bleeding Sumner" (Caning of Senator Charles Sumner)
Senator Charles Sumner gave a fiery antislavery speech that led to an attack by Preston Brooks in the halls of Congress. -
John Brown/Bleeding Kansas
John Brown felt he was an instrument of God and so led New Englanders to a settlement near Pottawatomie Creek (proslavery) to spread his antislavery message. John Brown and his men killed 5 men in front of their families. -
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James Buchanan's Administration
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Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott v. Sandford was a controversial case. The Supreme Court ruled against Scott in a 7 to 2 decision. The court ruled that slaves, because they were not citizens, were denied the right to sue in court. They also ruled that slaves could not win freedom simply by living in a free territory or state. Lastly, the Supreme Court ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional & all territories were open to slavery. Anti-slavery groups were disgusted by this decision -
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in the Illinois Senatorial race over the issue of slavery. Lincoln shared some of Douglas' views, but differed in his perspective on minority rights vs. majority rule. Douglas won Senator, but Lincoln gained national recognition. -
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John Brown/Harper's Ferry
John Brown attempted to raid the arsenal at Harper's Ferry. They wanted to seize the weapons from the arsenal and give them to slaves so they could revolt. Brown surrendered after U.S. troops surrounded the arsenal. He was later sentenced to be hanged. -
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Election of 1860 & South Carolina's Secession
The Republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln won the election without any electoral votes from the South, so South Carolina chose to secede from the Union because they were outraged a President could be elected without a single vote from "half" the country. -
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Abraham Lincoln's Administration
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Attack on Fort Sumter
A fort in Charleston harbor occupied by the Union in "South Carolina's territory." President Jefferson Davis refused to let President Lincoln give supplies to the fort. Lincoln attempted to give supplies, but the ship was turned around after being shot at. A battle broke out and Fort Sumter was taken over. This led to Lincoln's call for volunteer troops. -
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Civil War
Conflict between the Confederacy (southern states that seceded from the U.S.) and the Union. -
United States Sanitary Commission
Created during the Civil War to combat the severe lack of sanitation in army camps - inspection of army hospitals & camps. They organized clean-ups and provided advice for better living conditions. -
First Battle of Bull Run
First battle of the Civil War. Union started with some success, but the arrival of reinforcements led by General Thomas Jackson changed the momentum and led to a Confederate victory. -
Monitor v. Merrimack
First ironclad ships faced off against each other. Ended in a draw. -
Emancipation Proclamation
War proclamation that abolished the institution of slavery in regions under Confederate control. -
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Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan
Lincoln's Plan was called the 10% plan because in order for a state to rejoin the Union 10% of the states' population had to pledge loyalty to the Union. He also pardoned southerners EXCEPT military/political leaders or those who had killed African American slaves. -
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Battle of Chancellorsville
Though this was a Confederate victory, the Confederates had a huge loss - General "Stonewall" Jackson was hit by friendly fire and would die of pneumonia caused by the infection of the wound. -
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Battle of Gettysburg
Considered the turning point of the Civil War. Colonel Chamberlain played a crucial part in the success of the Union here with his defense of Little Round Top on Day 2. -
Gettysburg Address
Speech given by President Lincoln to inspire and motivate the nation to continue fighting and finish what they had started. -
Martial Law Declared in Kentucky
President Abraham Lincoln declared martial law in Kentucky to prevent further secession during the Civil War. This put the state under military authority where some guaranteed rights were suspended. -
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Sherman's March
General William T. Sherman led a march from Atlanta to the Atlantic Ocean. During this march Sherman destroyed bridges, farms, railroads, etc. -
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Black Codes
Predominantly in southern states, black codes were enforced after the end of slavery. These included vagrancy laws, curfews, labor contracts, and land restrictions. -
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Reconstruction
The main idea of the Reconstruction era was to unify and rebuild the nation. Reconstruction had four goals: to rebuild the infrastructure of the South, to repair the southern economy, to repair the trust between the North & South, and to incorporate freedmen into American society. These goals were attempted by Lincoln's 10% plan, Johnson's plan, and the Radical Reconstruction plan. -
13th Amendment
Outlawed slavery in the U.S. forever. Passed during Lincoln's administration and before the end of the Civil War. -
Surrender at Appomattox
This was where General Robert E. Lee was forced to surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant. Though some rebel units would continue to fight. -
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Andrew Johnson's Administration
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Lincoln's Assassination
John Wilkes Booth led this attack on President Lincoln at Ford's Theater. -
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Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson, created a reconstruction plan that envisioned granting pardons, and readmit the states that agreed to ratify the thirteenth amendment. Johnson opposed the Freedmen's Bureau and returned confiscated property to white southerners. -
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Reconstruction Act of 1867
The Reconstruction Act of 1867, also known as the Military Reconstruction Act, restarted Reconstruction in 10 southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. The act was push for and passed by the Radical Republicans in Congress. -
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W.E.B. DuBois
African American leader who pushed for African Americans to get an education because it would be through intelligence they would gain the respect of the white population. -
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Andrew Johnson's Impeachment
The Radical Republicans in Congress were frustrated by Andrew Johnson, so they created the Tenure of Office Act and the Command of the Army Act in order to try to impeach him. The House charged him, but the Senate chose NOT to remove him (by one vote). -
14th Amendment
Provides a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. -
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Ulysses S. Grant's Administration
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15th Amendment
Provides a constitutional guarantee that the federal/state government cannot deny anyone the right to vote based on race. -
Alexander Graham Bell & the Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone and with a few
others, set up the American Telephone and Telegraph Company to set up long distance communication lines. It began with only 21 customers but by 1900 they had a telephone in the White House and 1.5 million customers. -
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Jim Crow Laws
The majority of American states enforced segregation through the Jim Crow laws. The most common laws forbid intermarriage, and ordered business owners and public institutions to separate the blacks and whites. The separation led to inferior conditions for African Americans versus white Americans. -
Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877
Rutherford B. Hayes ran as a Republican. He ran against Democrat Samuel Tilden. The electoral votes were disputed, which left the winner of the election unknown. The parties solved this issue with the Compromise of 1877, which gave Rutherford B. Hayes the victory as long as he did the following: remove all troops in the South, give subsidies to southern railroads, and rebuild levees along the Mississippi River. -
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Rutherford B. Hayes' Administration
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James Garfield's Administration
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Clara Barton/American Red Cross
During the Civil War, Clara Barton developed the American Red Cross to help the wounded and sick. -
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Chester A. Arthur's Administration
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Grover Cleveland's Administration (Part 1)
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Haymarket Riot
A group of industrial workers wanted an eight hour work day and started a strike. Anarchists joined the group of strikers and caused mayhem. This resulted in a police shooting, killing many people and putting a negative view on strikes. -
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Benjamin Harrison's Administration
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Populist Party
The Populist party was formed so that radical changes in federal economic and social policies would occur. The Populist party wanted an increased circulation of money, unlimited minting of silver, a progressive income tax, and government ownership of communication and transportation systems. Populism lost its cause when the nation made a firm commitment to the gold standard. -
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Homestead Strike
Henry Frick from Carnegie Steel made wage cuts to all of the workers' pay. All of the workers went on strike. Alexander Berkman attempted to kill Frick, but failed. The workers called a defeat on July 6, 1892. -
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Grover Cleveland's Administration (Part 2)
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Pullman Strike
Nationwide railroad strike against the Pullman company. Workers obstructed the trains path so they couldn't move. President Cleveland sent his army to stop the strike because he said it was interfering with the American mail. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court case that established the legality of segregation in public facilities. -
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William McKinley's Administration
