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Christopher Columbus sailed with Spain because of funding problems. He departed Aug. 3, 1492 and made landfall on Oct. 12, 1492 on what is now known as Venezuela.
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The first Spanish settlement built in North America was in St. Augustine, Florida. St. Augustine was built to defend shipping lanes from English privateers.
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Slavery begins in the Chesapeake Colonies which is a sub-region of the Southern Colonies (Virginia & Maryland).
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The Mayflower was an English ship that transported 102 pilgrims to North America. When the pilgrims landed in Virginia, they created the Mayflower Compact which created the “Rights of Englishmen” and a direct democracy.
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In 1625, Charles I gave the Puritans a charter to America and because the Puritans were at an economic disadvantage they accepted the charter.
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The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was the first written constitution in the Americas.
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One of the first conflicts over land ownership between the colonists and the Native Americans.
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During the settlement of the 13 Colonies, Britain had a series of wars (King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, and King George’s War) that allowed Salutary Neglect to take place.
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The Great Awakening created new interest in religion, significance of the common man, denominational changes, and questioning of authority which is tied to the American Revolution.
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Colonists resisted the increase in British Control and smuggler’s would now be tried in vice-admiralty courts.
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Britain passed a bunch of acts (Sugar Act of 1764, Currency Act of 1764, Quartering Act of 1765, and the Stamp Act in 1765) which caused the colonists to resist British authority even more.
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Created a tax on lead, glass, tea, paper, and paint so Britain could pay the royal governors, so the colonies couldn’t manipulate them with money. Caused a bigger rift between the colonies and Britain.
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British troops killed 5 colonists and were put on trial. In response, Samuel Adams created Committees of Correspondence to send letters between the colonies to create unity among the colonies.
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Britain passes an act that gives the British East Tea Company a monopoly in the colonies which puts everyone else out of business. The Sons of Liberty responded with the Boston Tea Party as an act of protest against the Tea Act of 1773 which works.
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In retaliation to the Boston Tea Party, Britain passed the Intolerable/Coercive Acts to punish Boston by closing down their port with the Boston Port Act and by banning town meetings and local government with the Massachusetts Government Act.
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The Declaration of Independence was a list of grievances of what the crown has done to the colonies that warranted separation.
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Group of elected individuals that led the 13 colonies, and they also made George Washington head of the Continental Army.
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During the Revolutionary War, the Battle of Saratoga, Valley Forge, and Yorktown were important events that contributed to the colonies winning the war.
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The Articles was the US’s first written form of government.
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The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War and granted the colonies land east from the Mississippi River.
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The Constitutional Convention was a meeting with the Founders where they scrapped the Articles of Convention and created the US Constitution which is still the government we use today.
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The acts said that aliens could be deported for any reason, and that it was illegal to criticize high government officials.
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President Washington was the only unanimous decision that the US had over presidency, and the most important thing people argue he did was step down from the presidency after two terms which set the stage for future.
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Farmers in Western Pennsylvania were not happy about the whiskey tax, so they beat up the tax collectors. In response, Washington marches toward them with 12,000 men to show that the US government means business.
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The US sends some people to meet with Talleyrand, but instead are met with three interns. France says that they will meet with the US if you pay $250,000 upfront and give a $10 million loan, so the US refuses starting a “war.”
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In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson started the concept of Nullification which meant that states can refuse to enforce laws that they don’t agree with.
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Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin and also developed the idea of interchangeable parts which means you didn’t have to replace the entire machine if it broke. Was invented in the 1790s, but became prominent during the early 1800s.
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Marbury v. Madison established Judicial Review which stated that the Supreme Court has the final say when it come to legislative decisions.
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US went to buy New Orleans from France for $10 million, but ended up making the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million because France did not need New Orleans because of the Haiti Revolution.
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President Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana Purchase because the US did not know what was out there. During their expedition they met Sacagawea and only lost one of their men.
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President Thomas Jefferson cuts off trade with the whole world because he thinks the world will cave without the US. This lessens his reputation and nobody likes his decision.
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France and Britain are fighting over about who will be able to trade with the US, so they come up with the Macon’s Bill #2. President James Madison is told that this is a trap, but doesn’t listen which causes the War of 1812.
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British agree to stop fighting with the US because the US is better as a friend than a foe.
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The Era of Good Feelings caused an increase in national pride and marks the end of the federalists.
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In order to keep balance in the government between free states and slave states, Clay proposed that any territory under the 36°30’ would be a slave state, and that Missouri would be a slave state and Main would be a free state.
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The Monroe Doctrine was the guiding principle for American foreign policy till the end of the century. It stated no new European colonization of the Western Hemisphere, that any attempt at new colonization would be viewed as a threat to the US, and that the US would stay out of internal problems in Europe.
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The 2nd Great Awakening made Transcendentalism popular. Transcendentalism is a group of writers who write about humanity’s connection to nature and their strong morals.
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Election was between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams. Jackson won and claimed a mandate which was not true.
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Increased the tariff from 25% to 45% which caused a lot of up roar in the South because now they had to pay more for manufactured goods.
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The caucus system disappears because of the increase in democracy and middle class’s increase in government.
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Forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans and about 25% of them died.
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The Tariff of 1832 proposed that the tariff be lowered to 35% which would mean that in South Carolina the tariff would be permanently high. Because SC did not like this, they officially nullified the tariff which made Jackson react violently and angry.
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The Bank War between the US Bank and Andrew Jackson makes inflation go out of control which increased the number of banks and loans. People aren’t able to pay off their loans, and the Panic of 1837 is blamed on the next president and not Jackson.
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Mexico wins this battle against Texas, but Texas uses this as motivation to gain their independence.
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Manifest Destiny is the belief that it is God’s will that Americans can bring their “light” all over the continent. Evidence of this are Mountain Men, The American Society for the Encouragement of Settlement in Oregon, and Missionary Zeal.
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The Wilmot Proviso was proposed, but was not passed. It would have banned slavery in Mexico Secession.
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A war between Mexico and the US that started because of territory confusion and ended with the US expanding with the Gadsden Purchase.
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Clay’s compromise that California will become a free state, but it will have new and strict laws regarding fugitive slave laws.
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The Fort Laramie Treaty stated that Great Plains was all indian territory, and that all land belonged to the tribes. This did not work because the official kept all the supplies that the government sent over for the indians for themselves.
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: The Kansas/Nebraska Bill was created to decide whether these territories will become slave or free states, they use popular sovereignty, but it also undermines the Missouri Compromise.
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Dred Scott vs. Sanford decided that slaves are property, and “Black man have no rights that a white man has to honor.”
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Abraham Lincoln won the election and the South’s reaction is to pretend that Lincoln doesn’t exist.
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SC secedes from the US before Lincoln was sworn into office, and Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi follow suit.
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Andrew Carnegie made steel become cheap and because of that made bank and used that money to give back to the people.
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Rockefeller created the Horizontal Process which means to own all of one part of the process which made him more money than Carnegie.
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The Union and the Confederates are fighting over slavery and whether or not it should be legal.
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The Anaconda Plan was created by the North and its three goals were to blockade the ports, control the Mississippi River, and capture Richmond.
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Victory for the confederates and the Union realises that this war will take longer than they thought.
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Union wins the war, and the US passes the 13th Amendment which officially ends slavery throughout the US.
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Lincoln’s presidential plan was that 10% of voters had to take an oath of allegiance to the US and only the political leaders would get punished.
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Lincoln was assassinated by John Boothe who was a famous actor and Andrew Johnson was made president.
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The Nation Labor Union was one of the first labor unions made up of both skilled and unskilled workers.
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The people that built the Transcontinental Railroad created Credit Mobiler to make more money that comes from the government.
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The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US.
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Started in California, Sacramento and was widely supported by the government. It was officially complete on May 10, 1869, and the labor came from central China and they were not treated well.
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The Plessy v. Ferguson's case stated that segregation is legal because it is separate but equal.
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Sharecropping is a contract between landowners and normally former slaves, but slaves have a disadvantage because they cannot read so they are taken advantage of.
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In the beginning, the government says that greenbacks cannot be exchanged for gold because of the Panic of 1873. So, the 1875 Resumption Act and the 1878 Bland Allison Act are passed which allows greenbacks to be exchanged for gold and silver.
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The provision of the Compromise said that Hayes will be president, reconstruction will end, and an unspoken rule would be that the South would get to ignore the 14th and 15th Amendment.
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People said that the railroad had to charge fair rates, so the Interstate Commerce Commission which didn’t work because railroads don’t get regulated.
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This act was passed as an attempt at assimilating Native Americans into white culture, and it said that Native American families who refused would have their land sold to white people.
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The purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act was to end monopolies, but it did not work until the end of the century.
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The People’s Party’s platform was no national banks, direct election of senators, two new voting practices which were the initiative and referendum, and to lower the taxes and tariff.
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American Agricultural Businessmen did not like the tariff put on their goods, so they fooled the natives into becoming a US territory.
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Created to settle the conflict caused by the Battle of San Juan Hill. The US gains Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
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The US is going back and forth on whether to make the Philippines a state or to help the Philippines gain independence.
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The Progressive Movement begins to take shape and evidence of this are the Grass-roots.
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Taft wins the election of 1908 and the progressive don't like him very much. One of the most notable things he did was that he broke up more monopolies than any president.
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Woodrow Wilson becomes president for the next two terms and serves during WWI.
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Created a federal income tax.
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Created direct election of US senators.
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The Panama Canal was created so the US had a way to get to the Caribbean.
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The Clayton Antitrust Act strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act.
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The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand started WWI.
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The World Industries Board was created as well as Fuel Administration, Food Administration, and Railroad War Board.
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Intercepted by the British and said that Germany was going to go back to submarine warfare, and was encouraging Mexico to attack the US.
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US declares war because of Germany unrestricted submarine warfare and the vote was almost unanimous except for one vote.
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These acts made it illegal to say anything bad about the government and military. It also made it illegal to avoid the draft.
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The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI.
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Woodrow Wilson wanted to create to prevent further wars. It was created, but the US did not become a part of it.
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US citizens were fearful of communists supporters, so they would send men to raid people's houses to search for evidence that they were communists.
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Rise of black culture that was caused by the Great Migration.
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Motives for prohibition include domestic violence, public health, and conserving food. Results of prohibition include speak easies, organized crimes to smuggle liquor, moonshine, and bootleggers.
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A murder took place and people saw two Italians fleeing the scene, but even though someone else confessed to the murder, they were still killed. This means that the US is afraid of change and difference.
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Made the immigration limit to 3% of the 1910 census as the quota.
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The importance of the trial is the cultural conflict is getting a stronger presence.
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Herbert Hoover is elected and he says that to get over the Great Depression, we need to work harder.
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The Stock Market Crash was the catalyst of the Great Depression
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FDR's plan of recovering during the Great Depression which worked.
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FDR is elected and begins the process to recover from the Great Depression.
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The act got rid of prohibition, and the amendment made prohibition unconstitutional.
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US will give war materials to anyone who is fighting the bad guys.
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The majority of the American Pacific fleet was damaged or destroyed, and the US declared war.