-
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Company v. City of Chicago
The case was the city of Chicago condemned land owned by the Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy Railroad Company to expand a street. A jury decided one dollar was just compensation to be paid to the company for the taking of the parcels. A ruling that determined the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment required states to provide just compensation for seizing private property. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment and makes it stronger. -
Gitlow v. New York
Gitlow, a socialist, was arrested in 1919 for distributing a “Left Wing Manifesto" that called for the establishment of socialism through strikes and class action of any form. A landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court holding that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the First Amendment's provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press to apply to the governments of U.S. states. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment. -
Near v. Minnesota
The government could not censor or otherwise prohibit a publication in advance, even though the communication might be punishable after publication in a criminal or other proceeding. A landmark decision of the US Supreme Court under which prior restraint on publication was found to violate freedom of the press as protected under the First Amendment. This principle was applied to free speech generally in subsequent jurisprudence. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment and makes it stronger. -
Powell v. Alabama
The Court reversed the convictions of nine young black men for allegedly raping two white women on a freight train near Scottsboro, Alabama. A landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court reversed the convictions of nine young black men for allegedly raping two white women on a freight train near Scottsboro, Alabama. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment and makes it stronger. -
De Jonge v. Oregon
Dirk De Jonge addressed an audience at a meeting held by the Communist Party but was arrested for violating the state statute. He argued that the state violated his First Amendment right to free speech and assembly, as well as his due process rights. A case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause applies freedom of assembly against the states. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment and makes it stronger. -
Cantwell v. Connecticut
Ruled unconstitutional a Connecticut statute that required individuals making door-to-door religious solicitations to obtain a state license. A landmark court decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that the First Amendment's federal protection of religious free exercise incorporates via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applies to state governments too. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment and makes it stronger. -
Everson v. Board of Education of the Township of Ewing
A New Jersey law permitted local school boards to reimburse parents for the cost of school transportation, including to religious schools. A landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that applied the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to state law. Establishment of Religion. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment and makes it stronger. -
In re Oliver
A witness appeared before a Michigan circuit court judge to provide testimony regarding an investigation on gambling and corruption. The judge was conducting a one-man grand jury and decided that the testimony provided was false, based on the testimony of another witness. A decision by the United States Supreme Court involving the application of the right of due process in state court proceedings. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment and makes it stronger. -
Mapp v. Ohio
The case originated in Cleveland, Ohio, when police officers forced their way into Dollree Mapp's house without a proper search warrant. A 1961 landmark Supreme Court case decided 6–3 by the Warren Court, in which it was held that Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures applied to the states and excluded unconstitutionally obtained evidence from use in state criminal prosecutions. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment and makes it stronger. -
Robinson v. California
Incorporated the protection against cruel and unusual punishment of the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to states. Decision of the United States Supreme Court in which the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution was interpreted to prohibit criminalization of particular acts or conduct, as contrasted with prohibiting the use of a particular form of punishment for a crime. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment. -
Gideon v. Wainwright
The Supreme Court established that the Fourteenth Amendment creates a right for criminal defendants who cannot pay for their own lawyers to have the state appoint attorneys on their behalf. A landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution requires U.S. states to provide attorneys to criminal defendants who are unable to afford their own. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment. -
Edwards v. South Carolina
The First and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution forbade state government officials to force a crowd to disperse when they are otherwise legally marching in front of a state house. A landmark decision of the US Supreme Court ruling that the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution forbade state government officials to force a crowd to disperse when they are otherwise legally marching in front of a state house. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment. -
Ker v. California
A plurality of four justices found that the actions of the California authorities who had entered the Kers' apartment with a passkey and without a warrant and who seized marijuana used to convict them met federal standards of probable cause and reasonableness. A case before the United States Supreme Court, which incorporated the Fourth Amendment's protections against illegal search and seizure. The case was decided on June 10, 1963, by a vote of 5–4. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment. -
Malloy v. Hogan
The Court held that the Fifth Amendment's exception from compulsory self-incrimination is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment against abridgement by a state. A case in which the Supreme Court of the United States deemed defendants' Fifth Amendment privilege not to be compelled to be witnesses against themselves was applicable within state courts as well as federal courts, overruling the decision in Twining v. New Jersey. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment. -
Pointer v. Texas
The court held that state criminal proceedings that do not allow a defendant to cross-examine a witness violate the right to confrontation outlined in the Sixth Amendment. A decision by the United States Supreme Court involving the application of the right of to confront accusers in state court proceedings. The 14th Amendment backs up the Amendment. -
Parker v. Gladden
Convicted of second-degree murder by the Multnomah County Circuit Court on May 19, 1961, and sentenced to serve up to life in prison. He appealed his conviction to the Oregon Supreme Court, which affirmed the decision. That incorporated the right to an impartial jury of the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to states. The case concerned a bailiff attempting to influence a jury's opinion of the defendant in a case. -
Klopfer v. North Carolina
The State of North Carolina charged Peter Klopfer with criminal trespass when he participated in a civil rights demonstration at a restaurant. At trial, the jury could not reach a verdict. The Superior Court judge continued the case twice when the state moved for a nolle prosequi with leave. A decision by the United States Supreme Court involving the application of the Speedy Trial Clause of the United States Constitution in state court proceedings. -
Washington v. Texas
Following a jury trial, Jackie Washington was convicted of murder and sentenced to 50 years in prison. At trial, Washington alleged that Charles Fuller, already convicted for the same murder, actually shot the victim while Washington attempted to stop the shooting. A United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the Compulsory Process Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution is applicable in state courts as well as federal courts. -
Duncan v. Louisiana
Gary Duncan, a black teenager in Louisiana, was found guilty of assaulting a white youth by allegedly slapping him on the elbow. Duncan was sentenced to 60 days in prison and fined $150. Duncan's request for a jury trial was denied. A significant United States Supreme Court decision which incorporated the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial and applied it to the states. -
Benton v. Maryland
Benton was charged with burglary and larceny in a Maryland court. A jury found him not guilty of larceny but guilty of burglary. He was sentenced to ten years in prison. A Supreme Court of the United States decision concerning double jeopardy. Benton ruled that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment applies to the states. In doing so, Benton expressly overruled Palko v. Connecticut. -
Schilb v. Kuebel
John Schilb was arrested and charged with leaving the scene of a car accident and obstructing traffic in January 1969. In accordance with the Illinois bail statutes, he paid 10% of his bail ($75) to the clerk of the court. Holding that the Illinois bail system did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The case concerned the constitutionality of an Illinois bail statute. -
Rabe v. Washington
William Rabe was convicted under Washington's anti-obscenity law after a police officer viewed the film Carmen Baby, which included sexually frank scenes, from outside the theater's fence. Rabe contended that the material was not obscene but rather constituted First Amendment–protected expression. A decision by the United States Supreme Court involving the application of obscenity laws and criminal procedure to the states. -
Argersinger v. Hamlin
Argersinger, who was too poor to afford an attorney (i.e., an indigent defendant), was given a bench trial before a judge but was not granted court-appointed counsel to aid in his defense. A United States Supreme Court decision holding that the accused cannot be subjected to actual imprisonment unless provided with counsel. Gideon v. Wainwright made the right to counsel provided in the Sixth Amendment applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. -
McDonald v. Chicago
Otis McDonald, a 76-year-old retired maintenance engineer, filed suit against the city, arguing that the regulations violated his Second Amendment rights. A landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that found that the right of an individual to "keep and bear arms", as protected under the Second Amendment, is incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment and is thereby enforceable against the states. -
Timbs v. Indiana
Timbs paid for the vehicle with money he received from an insurance policy when his father died. The State engaged a private law firm to bring a civil suit for forfeiture of Timbs's Land Rover, charging that the vehicle had been used to transport heroin. A United States Supreme Court case in which the Court considered whether the excessive fines clause of the Constitution's Eighth Amendment applies to state and local governments.