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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Diseases caused by?
Evil spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments?
Bloodletting, exorcisms, etc. -
3100 BCE
Medicine used today
Digitalis for heart
Quinine for digestion
Belladonna and atropine for digestion
Morphine for pain -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health records- first to keep accurate records
Physicians were priests
Heal?- medicines, splinting, bloodletting -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Acupuncture- started using stone tools, developed to Chinese acupuncture -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Illness(nature vs spiritual)- first to study cause+ realize illness may be natural
Dissection- wasn’t allow for bodies to be dissected due to religious custom
Hippocrates- the father of medicine -
100
Ancient Romans
Sanitization systems- discovered that some disease was caused by unsanitary conditions, made aqueducts, built sewers to carry waste, public baths w/filtering systems
Organize medical care- first to do, sent equipment with their armies
Hospital development- started with rooms in houses for the sick, then developed into making public buildings -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Stopped study of medicine
Why?- because after the Roman Empire was conquered, the church thought that life and death were determined by god, so the monks and other religious people weren’t interested in how the body functioned -
700
Treat disease
How?- prayer, herbal mixtures, custodial care -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Epidemics- bubonic plague, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth
Universities- many universities and medical schools were built for research
Dissection- dissection of a body for the purposes of medical study were finally accepted
Books- many more books were printed and published, which allowed for easier access to knowledge -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studies and recorded the human anatomy and body -
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
Discovered the fallopian tubes as part of female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the Eustachian tube -
William Harvey
Used what he previously knew to understand physiology and describe the circulation of blood/pumping of the heart -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Invested the microscope and decided that there are living organisms and cells that are smaller than the naked eye can see -
Apothecaries
Early pharmacies made to trade drugs and spices from the East -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
Discovered bifocals and that colds were contagious -
Medical students learning
Attended lectures in labs and classrooms, observed patients at bedside, dissected deceased patients -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered oxygen, also discovered that plants re-oxygenate air -
Edward Jenner
Discovered a method for a smallpox vaccine, his discovery also led to different immunizations and preventative medicines for the public -
Rene Laennec
Invented the stethoscope -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Florence Nightingale
Volunteered at hospitals, took women to help care for sick soldiers during war, dedicated to nursing, etc. -
Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified cause of childbed fever -
Louis Pasteur
“Father of microbiology”, discovered microorganisms were everywhere, proved they cause disease, discovered pasteurization, created a vaccine for rabies -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered that some microorganisms cant be seen with a microscope (viruses) -
Joseph Lister
The first doctor to use antiseptic during a surgery -
Ernst von Bergmann
Developed asepsis from what he knew about Lister’s and Pasteur’s research -
Robert Koch
Discovered different disease-causing organisms, developed culture plate method to identify pathogens, isolated bacterium that is the cause of tuberculosis, introduced sanitization to prevent spread of disease -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered the effects of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms, completed 606 experiments and finally found a treatment for syphilis -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered x-rays -
Anesthesia
Surgery would be performed without anesthesia. Herbs, hashish, and alcohol would be used to lessen the pain of the surgery. Some patients would be choked so they would go unconscious and feel no pain. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered that penicillin killed deadly bacteria -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. Determined that the body and mind work together to function -
Gerhard Domagk
Discovered sulfonamide compounds, which were used to kill deadly diseases -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that dead polio virus would give immunity to poliomyelitis -
Albert Sabin
Used live polio virus vaccine. Now used to immunize babies from the disease -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered molecular structure of DNA. Made a model and used it to explain how DNA replicates and how hereditary info is coded on it -
Christian Barnard
Performed first successful heart transplant -
Ben Carson
Pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies -
Period: to
21st Century
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Facial transplant
The first partial face transplant was conducted on 38 year old Isabelle Dinoire, in Amiens, France after her dog mauled her. Surgeons transplanted her nose, lips, and chin from a donor, so she could improve sensory, motor, and communicative functions after the accident. -
AIDS Treatments
A treatment was developed called Atripla that improved the previous AIDS treatment plan. The FDA approved the treatment, which combined three different drugs into one to make it easier to stay on schedule with the plan. It also decreased side effects -
HIV treatment
A medication called Stribild was developed to help HIV patients. This combined the four previous medications into one, which made controlling symptoms more effective for patients -
Cardiac hypertrophy
Two researches discovered a substance that could reverse cardiac hypertrophy. The substance is GDF-11, and by reversing cardiac hypertrophy, it can also decrease your chances of heart failure -
Artificial pancreas
A medical device/system that would monitor glucose levels and administer insulin doses for people with type 1 diabetes.