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The New Testament translated into English by William Tyndale -
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Act of Succession : made Anne Boleyn a legitimate Queen -
The king was made "Supreme Head of the Church of England" -
The dissolution process was interrupted by rebellions in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.
These were the greatest rebellions ever faced by a Tudor monarch. They lasted 6 months and were called the "Pilgrimage of Grace". -
Revision of the mass-book, led to the publication of the Book of Common Prayer in 1549. Roman Catholic practices were eradicated. The marriage of clergy was allowed. The imposition of the Prayer Book led to rebellions in Cornwall and Devon. -
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Protestantism was confined to secrecy as heretics were burned between 1555 and 1558. Under Mary’s brief reign, over 200 Protestants were burnt alive.
Protestants were forced to leave the country and fled to the Continent = they were the "Marian exiles". -
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Abolished the authority of the Pope.
Restored the authority of the Queen over the Church.
She became “Supreme Governor of the Church of England”. -
Every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer. People who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
- stated the doctrine of the Church
- 3 important changes : a new ecclesiology / a new doctrine of Salvation / a new definition of sacraments and of the mass
- still in use today
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- Rebellion against religious reforms.
- 6000 insurgents.
- An attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth by Mary, Queen of Scots.
- The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland.
- It was crushed.
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Pope Pius V issued the papal bull "Regnans in Excelsis" : It called Elizabeth "The so-called queen" (!), "a heretic favouring heretics".
It excommunicated Elizabeth = almost giving Catholics licence to kill her with the certainty that it would not be seen as a crime by Rome. -
The 1571 Treasons Act made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales. -
Mary Queen of Scots was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death. She was executed in 1587 in Fotheringham Castle, wearing a bright red dress, the color of Catholic martyrs. -
It provided for the death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism.
It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic Mass
Anglican services were compulsory: £20 per month fine. -
Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Marie Stuart and this group. -
Philip II, the Catholic King of Spain supported several plots against Elizabeth. In retaliation, and to support the cause of Protestantism, Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt against Spain. As a result, the King of Spain attempted to invade England. A complete defeat, England was victorious. -
A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I. -
The King would receive a fixed sum. But some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore to get money (the king would be financially independent!) -
James was presented with the MILLENARY PETITION (so called because it bore the signatures of a thousand church ministers).
Asked for the Church of England to be purified of the last traces of Catholic doctrines and rites (ex the use of clerical vestments, bowing at the name of Jesus).
But James refused and confirmed the Elizabethan status quo.
The only important change: a new English translation of the Bible (the King James’ Bible) completed in 1611. -
Military defeats (Lord Buckingham, the King’s advisor became very unpopular)
England at war with Spain and France
Consequences of the war:
A huge strain on finances
The raising of troops (50 000!) had important impacts on the local population. -
They requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial.
Wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his powers
Charles reluctantly signed it but was furious, and as MPs were discussing impeaching Lord Buckingham again, he suspended parliament seating. -
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- 11 years when the King ruled without calling a parliament
- Whig historians called it “The Eleven Years Tyranny”
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Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom
as well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent = an act of open defiance!
Charles imprisoned these MPs and dissolved parliament.
He declared there would be no more parliaments = start of the “Personal Rule” -
The end of the Personal Rule and the outbreak of the Civil war were caused by crises not just in England but in Scotland and Ireland. -
- the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers
- the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
- the right for Parliament to reform the Church The PARLIAMENTARIANS: who believed that reform was necessary to safeguard the liberties of subjects, the rights of Parliament and Protestant Church The ROYALISTS: who thought that the Grand Remonstrance’s demands were too extreme and who wanted a negotiated settlement with the King
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In October 1641, an armed revolt broke out in Ireland: The Irish Rebellion James I (Charles’ father) had implemented a plantation policy = sending English and Scottish protestant colonists to Ireland, taking the lands of Irish Catholics
In Oct 1641, Irish Catholic rebels rose up against Protestant settlers
➔ Massacre of 3 000/4 000 protestants
False rumours: Irish atrocities, 200 000 protestants massacred (fuelled the anti-Catholic sentiment in England) -
Parliament passed the Militia Act (1641): the army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament - taking away the King’s ability to appoint whoever he wanted ! -
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1660: Charles II (the son of Charles I who had been executed in 1649) issued the Declaration of Breda. -
England’s first and only written constitution -
➔ 16 Dec 1653: end of the Commonwealth and start of the Cromwellian Protectorate (or Military Protectorate) -
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All ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer -
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Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II
Fear: James as king would implement pro-Catholic politics + might try to restore absolute monarchy, threatening Parliament (Just look at Louis XIV: absolute monarch + persecution of protestants!) -
Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne (!! Parliament trying to modify the rules of succession? Divine Right of Kings?)
Charles’ reaction: dissolving the Parliament. -
Fixed limitations on the sovereign’s powers
Parliament had to consent to new laws
Parliament gained control over finances and over the army
No Catholic was to inherit the throne
Set out the rights of Parliament
Regular parliaments
Free elections
Freedom of speech in Parliament
Set out basic civil rights
A key political text
Essential document of the uncodified British constitution
Model for the US Bill of rights
Influenced by John Locke -
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By 1783, Britain had established an empire which comprised of:
• colonies in North America including the West Indies, and the Pacific including New Zealand (which became a British Colony following an expedition by James Cook in 1769)
• trading posts in India
• naval bases in the Mediterranean - Gibraltar and Minorca But
• Britain's defeat in the American War of Independence meant the loss of the American colonies -
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an uprising against British rule in Ireland
Influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions
Presbyterian radicals + Catholics
Rebels defeated (/atrocities) -
Battle of Waterloo (1815) End of the Napoleonic Wars Napoléon Bonaparte defeated by Wellington’s Army