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Galileo proves the Earth orbita the sun.
Galileo did not prove that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Firstly because we can’t, technically speaking, prove anything in science. All we can do is find more and more evidence in favour of our theory (or, alternatively disprove our theory). The more evidence we find the more likely our theory is to be true. -
30 years war.
The Thirty Years' War was a war waged in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, in which most of the great European powers of the time intervened. This war marked the future of the whole of Europe in subsequent centuries. -
Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. -
Enlightment.
The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith. -
Financial crisis (lack of money).
A financial crisis is when financial instruments and assets decrease significantly in value. -
Poor social structure
-(Peasants and Bourgeoisie not represented) -Economic development of the Bourgeoisie -Nobility and Clergy overrepresented -Three estates: privileged and non-privileged estates The inequality between the estates became a driving force behind the French Revolution. The middle class was particularly frustrated by the social barriers of the Ancien Regime. It was difficult for a person born into the Third Estate to ascend into the First or Second Estates. -
Military and financial aid for USA
From 1776 to 1783 France supplied the United States with millions of livres in cash and credit. France also committed 63 warships, 22,000 sailors and 12,000 soldiers to the war, and these forces suffered relatively heavy casualties as a result. -
Economic crisis (bad harverts)
In the years 1787 – 1789, terrible weather, heavy rain, hard winters and too hot summers led to three very bad harvests in France. -
Estates General and votes per estate
The calling of the Estates of the Realm in 1789 was the first stage of the French Revolution. The Third Estate, the commoners, ended up using their double representation to take over the assembly and proceeded to direct political conflict with the Crown. But before this happened, the nobility and the church presumably did not realise they were to be marginalised. -
French Revolution.
The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while the values and institutions it created remain central to French political discourse. -
Causes of the French revolution
Economic crisis (Bad harvests)
Financial Crisis (Lack of money)
Enlightenment
Military and financial aid for USA
Poor social structure -
The Tennis Court Oath
In the Tennis Court Oath, the National Assembly swore not to stop meeting until France had a constitution. This commitment to imposing a constitution on France was a threat to the power of the monarch. -
Storming of the bastille.
A state prison on the east side of Paris, known as the Bastille, was attacked by an angry and aggressive mob. The prison had become a symbol of the monarchy's dictatorial rule, and the event became one of the defining moments in the Revolution that followed. -
Declaration of the rights of Man
In its preamble and its 17 articles, it sets out the “Natural and Inalienable” rights, which are freedom, ownership, security, resistance to oppression; it recognizes equality before the law and the justice system, and affirms the principle of separation of powers. -
The Terror
The Reign of Terror , or simply the Terror, was a climactic period of state-sanctioned violence during the French Revolution (1789-99), which saw the public executions and mass killings of thousands of counter-revolutionary 'suspects' between September 1793 and July 1794. -
Constitutional Monarchy
On 3 September 1791, the National Constituent Assembly forced King Louis XVI to accept the French Constitution of 1791, thus turning the absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. -
Social republic
In the history of France, the First Republic , sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, and officially the French Republic, was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. -
Execution of Louis XVI.
The execution of Louis XVI was one of the most important events of the French Revolution. This execution was carried out in the Plaza de la Revolución, previously known as Plaza de Luis XV. -
Girondist Convention
The Girondins played a key role in the French Revolution, gradually expanding their power to control the National Assembly, the Legislative Assembly, and soon the National Convention as well. They controlled its early phase, guiding France as it produced a constitution and put King Louis XVI on trial. -
Jacobin Convention
The Society of the Friends of the Constitution, renamed the Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality after 1792 and commonly known as the Jacobin Club or simply the Jacobins, was the most influential political club during the French Revolution of 1789. -
Conservative Republic (The Directory)
The new regime, referred to as the Directory, began auspiciously in October 1795 with a successful constitutional plebiscite and a general amnesty for political prisoners. But as one of its final acts the Convention added the “Two-thirds Decree” to the package, requiring for the sake of continuity that two-thirds of its deputies must sit by right in the new legislature regardless of voting in the départements. -
Military Campaigns
Napoleon's military campaigns were characterized by his strategic brilliance and innovative tactics. Some of the notable campaigns include the Italian Campaigns, the Egyptian Campaign, the War of the Third Coalition, and the Peninsular War. -
Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon's reign was marked by a series of conflicts known as the Napoleonic Wars. These wars involved most European nations and were characterized by a series of alliances and coalitions, with France often at the center of the conflicts. -
Napoleon's Rise to Power
After seizing power in the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon became First Consul of France. In 1804, he declared himself Emperor of the French. -
Napoleonic Code
Napoleon implemented numerous reforms, including the Napoleonic Code, a comprehensive legal code that had a significant influence on modern legal systems. -
Continental System
Napoleon attempted to establish a European economic system called the Continental System, which aimed to isolate Britain economically by preventing trade between the continent and Britain. This led to economic hardships and tensions between France and other European powers. -
Exile to Elba
Following a series of defeats and the invasion of France, Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and was exiled to the island of Elba. -
Exile to Saint Helena
After the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died in 1821. -
Hundred Days
Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815, returned to France, and briefly resumed power during the Hundred Days. However, he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, leading to his second abdication. -
Napoleonic period
The Napoleonic period, also known as the Napoleonic era or the Age of Napoleon, refers to the historical era that encompasses the rise, rule, and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, a French military and political leader. This period is generally considered to have started with Napoleon's coup d'état on November 9-10, 1799 (18-19 Brumaire in the French Republican calendar), which marked the end of the French Revolution, and it concluded with Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. -
Battle of Waterloo.
The Battle of Waterloo was a battle that took place on 18 June 1815 in the vicinity of Waterloo, a town in present-day Belgium about twenty kilometres south of Brussels