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World War 1 Conscription Crisis
-"Military Service Bill" made conscription law in 1917
-Riots in quebec and Montreal followed
-the french canadian didn't see this is their war, and were angry about being forced to fight in a foreign war -
Creation of the Union Nationale Party
-founded during the great depression
-founded by Maurice Duplessis
- focused on the rights of french Canadians, but the WW2 liberal pledge to not introduce conscription greatly took away from their support amongst the french
-in 1968 the party was divided along nationalist (independence) and federalist (Remain w/ Canada)
-party was dissolved in 1989 -
Period: to
The Duplessis Era
-named after Maurice Duplessis (founder of Union Nationale)
- was a very conservative time in quebec (fiscally and socially)
- era also known as the great darkness, since many facts and secrets were kept from the people of Quebec
- The church held what was in many people's opinions far too much power, specifically over the education system, which led to many skills about critical and independant thinking being ignored/stifled for fear of the children questioning god's existence. -
World war 2 conscription crisis
-PM king promised he wouldn't impose conscription in 1939
-in 1940, he made all men help with the war effort, but not serve overseas
-in 1942, he held a public vote on conscription, most english canadian supported conscription while most french Canadians opposed it.
-this damaged relations with the french, who again didn't see this as their war. -
The Quiet Revolution
-quebec liberal party, led by Jean Lesage, won the 1960 quebec election to remove the Union Nationale from power
- Lesage campaigned against the traditional and conservative policies and stances of the Union Nationale, promising to modernize quebec
- expanded public services (healthcare, education, etc...)
- diminished the role of the catholic church in quebec's government
-attempted/ carried out many reforms
-expanded the role of government in everyday life -
1960s Separatist movement
Since 1968 the party has appealed for constitutional negotiations on the matter of provincial sovereignty, in addition to holding two provincial referendums on the matter.
The Quebec sovereignty movement (French: Movement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement as well as an ideology of values, concepts and ideas that advocates independence for the Canadian province of Quebec. -
Bi & Bi commission
Pearson ( Prime minister) saw that Canada woukd face a grave crisis unless the French Canadians felt more at home in Canada. appointed the royal commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism to investigate solutions. -
Canadas New Flag 1965
The debate over the proposed new Canadian flag was ended by closure on December 15, 1964. It resulted in the adoption of the "Maple Leaf flag" as the Canadian national flag. The flag was inaugurated on February 15, 1965, and since 1996, February 15 has been commemorated as National Flag of Canada Day. -
Colour Blind
Immigration to Canada becomes "colour Blind", The points system is introduced which assigns potential immigrants points in categories such as education, age, fluency in french or English and job opportunities in Canada
- an official policy of Multiculturalism was introduced by Prime minister Trudeau, support and encourage the various cultures and ethnic groups that gave structer to our society. -
Trudeau Becomes Prime Minister
-Trudeau had a unprecedented level of personal popularity, giving him an almost celebrity like statues amongst voters
-Trudeau was very progressive, defending and expanding public healthcare and social security
-made Canada bilingual (French/English were the official languages)
-Imposed the war measures act in response to the October Crisis (Quebec Separatists kidnapping government ministers)
-deployed troops to Montreal/Quebec
-his response, undoubtedly effective, was also seen as excessive -
Official languages Act
-made french and english official languages of Canada
-was part of Trudeau's plan to make French Canadians feel more at home in Canada and prevent their separation
- was part of a wider group of changes implemented on the recommendation of the "Bi and Bi Commission" to help make french people feel more included
-made some english speaking Canadians feel like they were being forgotten by the representatives in Ottawa -
Front de liberation du quebec LQ party is formed
1963-1970
Motivations: Creation of an independent Quebec state
Was a Canadian separatist group founded in the 1960s and based primarily in Montreal. At the start the FLQ was a virtually unknown group of young french Canadians who occasionally spoke a Marxist Objectives and the need for quebec to separate from Canada.
- used violent actions if necessary to achieve their goals
- Secret cells within Quebec
- committed over 200 political actions, bombing and bank hold ups
- three deaths -
October Crisis
-FLQ separatists kidnapped a Quebec Government minister and a british diplomat, resulting in PM Trudeau invoking the War Measures Act, allowing the police to arrest and detain without charge people suspected of taking part in the separatist movement
- The military was deployed across Quebec to help keep order, a move supported by the government of Quebec
- as a result people moved away from using violence and began to support a more peaceful, democratic way for Quebec to gain independence -
1970 War Measures Act
- was imposed by PM Trudeau in response to the October crisis in Quebec
- was the only peacetime invocation of the war measures act
- the act allowed the police and military to arrest and detain suspected separatists for indefinite amounts of time without charging them with a crime -although this limited civil liberties, it was supported by the government of quebec, who saw it as important to keeping the peace following the kidnappings -soldiers were deployed across quebec to help maintain order
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Policy of Multiculturalism
- made multiculturalism an official government policy of Canada -promoted multiculturalism in Canada between the french and English cultures -was supported by prime minister Pierre trudeau, who encouraged increased mixing of french and english canadians and encouraged parents to send their children to french immersion schools -was not so warmly recieved by some english Canadians, who saw this as the fedral government trying to force another culture on them -still was mostly well received
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1976 Bill 101 introduced
Rene Levesque
- After the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s that the issue of language in the province took centre stage.
- 1977 law in the province of Quebec in Canada defining French, the language of the majority of the population, as the official language of Quebec. It is the central legislative piece in Quebec's language policy. -
1976 Parti Quebecois wins election
- The Parti Québécois's campaign focused on providing good government, to contrast the many scandals that had plagued the Liberals since 1973.
- Achieving independence for Quebec from Canada was portrayed as only secondary, however the election of a sovereigntist government in Quebec caused great upset in the rest of Canada, and led to extensive discussions about reforming the Canadian Confederation and finding ways of accommodating Quebec
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1977 Bill 101 passed
kicking off the transformation from a traditionally bilingual Quebec into a unilingual French province. Bill 101 is shock therapy for what the PQ describe as a sick society that Quebec has become, reports CBC's David Bazay. The new French language charter is hailed as a master plan to free Quebec from the economic dominance of the province's English minority. -
Sponsorship Programs
- Immigration policy moves to sponsorship program
- Immigration regulations change to allow immigration of family members with relatives already in Canada
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1980 Referendum on Sovereignty association
- The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty. The referendum was called by Quebec's Parti Québécois (PQ) government, which advocated secession from Canada.
- Proposal to pursue secession was defeated by a 59.56 percent to 40.44 percent margin
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Patriation of the constitution
-transferred power from The BRitish North America Act to Canada's government
-was a major initiative of pierre Trudeau's government
-made Canada in charge of it's own legal decisions without the need to consult the British -
1982 Constitution Act
-made the Canadian charter of rights and freedoms a part of Canadian law
-made human rights a constitutional guarantee
-allowed Canada to amend it's constitution without approval from Britain -
1982 Partition of the Constitution
- Patriation of the Constitution. In 1982 Canada "patriated" its Constitution, transferring the country's highest law, the British North America Act, from the authority of the British Parliament — a connection from the colonial past — to Canada's federal and provincial legislatures.
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Brian Mulroney becomes PM
- Brian Mulroney became PM
- Was a lawyer and businessman in Montreal -he was engaged in many economic reforms, such as trade deals with the USA, and he rejected constitutional reforms such as the Meech Lake record
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1987 Canada Reform Party created
-was a right wing protest party
- lasted from 1987 to 2000
-was against Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservative party
- founded by preston manning
- advocated spending restraint
-merged with the progressive conservative party in 2003 to make the Conservative Party of Canada -
1987 Meech Lake Accord
-was a meeting of provincial premiers to discuss changes to the Canadian constitution
-chaired by PM Brian Mulroney
-Recognised Quebec as a distinct society
-expanded provincial immigration powers
-made constitutional changes need the approval of all provinces -
Bloc Quebecois formed
-formed in 1987
-devoted to quebec's independence
-founded by Lucien Bouchard
- tries to create the conditions necessary for the political succession of quebec from Canada -
1988 Department of Multiculturalism formed
-To preserve and enhance multiculturalism in Canada
-passed in 1988
-passed under PM Mulroney but started under Pierre Trudeau
-Canada was the first country in the world to officially adopt a policy of multiculturalism -
1990 Meech lake Accord
- Part of the Canadian governments efforts to make quebecois feel more included in Canadian society.
- Wanted to identify quebec as distinct society
- Part of the governments actions to keep quebec in Canada
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1992 Charlottetown Accord
The Charlottetown Accord (French: Accord de Charlottetown) was a package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada, proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. It was submitted to a public referendum on October 26 of that year, and was defeated. -
1994 Parti Quebecois returned to power
elect members of the National Assembly of Quebec, Canada. The Parti Québécois, led by Jacques Parizeau, defeated the incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Daniel Johnson Jr.
This election was very significant for Quebec history, because it set the stage for the 1995 Quebec referendum on independence for Quebec from Canada. In this referendum, the PQ's proposals for sovereignty were very narrowly defeated. -
1995 Referendum on sovereignty association
Among these was René Lévesque, who would eventually found the Parti Québécois with like-minded groups seeking independence from Canada. After arriving in power in 1976, the PQ government held a referendum in 1980 seeking a mandate to negotiate "sovereignty-association" with Canada that was decisively defeated. -
Clarity bill and the supreme court decision
The Clarity Act (known as Bill C-20 before it became law) is legislation passed by the Parliament of Canada that established the conditions under which the Government of Canada would enter into negotiations that might lead to secession following such a vote by one of the provinces. The Clarity Bill was tabled for first reading in the House of Commons on 13 December 1999. It was passed by the House on 15 March 2000, and by the Senate, in its final version, on 29 June 2000. -
1974 bill 22
-sponsored by the quebec-liberal part of Robert Bourassa
-made French the language of civic administration and services, and of the workplace. Only children who could demonstrate sufficient knowledge of another language of instruction would be exempted from receiving their instruction in French.
-Nationalist and labour groups thought the law did not go far enough Anglophone and ethnic groups thought the language tests imposed by the law were unjust
