-
Nonius
s a measuring tool used in navigation and astronomy named in honour of its inventor, Pedro Nunes , a Portuguese author, mathematician and navigator. The nonius was created in 1542 as a system for taking finer measurements on circular instruments such as the astrolabe. The system was eventually adapted into the vernier scale in 1631 by the French mathematician Pierre Vernier. -
micrometer
sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for accurate measurement of components in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers. Micrometers are usually, but not always, in the form of calipers (opposing ends joined by a frame). -
mechanical calculator
was an object or system of calculation and calculation that bases its operation on a mechanical principle to return the results of an arithmetic operation. -
Pascal's calculator
is a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his father's work as supervisor of taxes in Rouen. He designed the machine to add and subtract two numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division through repeated addition or subtraction. -
Cassegrain telescope
An invent of s Laurent Cassegrain (c. 1629 - 1693),is a type of reflective telescope that uses three mirrors. The main one is that found in the back of the body of the same. Generally it has a parabolic shaped concave shape, since that mirror must concentrate all the light that it collects at a point that is called a focus. The focal distance (distance between the mirror surface and the focus) can be much greater than the total length of the telescope. -
Balanza Roberval
Balance of two agiles is an weighing instrument that bears the name of its inventor, Gilles Personne, a mathematician and French physicist born in 1602, known as Roberval because he was a native of Roberval, in Oise. Gilles Personne had the ingenious idea of placing the dishes above the agile, when they were traditionally suspended below as in the Roman scales. The principle of the static enigma was the subject of a thesis presented by Gilles himself at the Academy of Sciences of France in. -
steam digester
is a high-pressure cooker invented by French physicist Denis Papin in 1679. It is a device for extracting fats from bones in a high-pressure steam environment, which also renders them brittle enough to be easily ground into bone meal. It is the forerunner of the autoclave and the domestic pressure cooker.
The steam-release valve, which was invented for Papin's digester following various explosions of the earlier models, inspired the development of the piston-and-cylinder steam engine. -
spirit level
Bubble level or simply a level is an instrument designed to indicate whether a surface is horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb). Different types of spirit levels may be used by carpenters, stonemasons, bricklayers, other building trades workers, surveyors, millwrights and other metalworkers, and in some photographic or videographic work. -
metronome
rom ancient Greek , is a device that produces an audible click or other sound at a regular interval that can be set by the user, typically in beats per minute (BPM). Musicians use the device to practice playing to a regular pulse. Metronomes typically include synchronized visual motion (e.g., swinging pendulum or blinking lights). -
pencil
is an implement for writing or drawing, constructed of a narrow, solid pigment core in a protective casing that prevents the core from being broken and/or marking the user’s hand.
Pencils create marks by physical abrasion, leaving a trail of solid core material that adheres to a sheet of paper or other surface. They are distinct from pens, which dispense liquid or gel ink onto the marked surface. -
pitot tube
Also known as pitot probe, is a flow measurement device used to measure fluid flow velocity. The pitot tube was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 18th century and was modified to its modern form in the mid-19th century by French scientist Henry Darcy. It is widely used to determine the airspeed of an aircraft, water speed of a boat, and to measure liquid, air and gas flow velocities in certain industrial applications. -
Steamboat
Is a boat that is propelled primarily by steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Steamboats sometimes use the prefix designation SS, S.S. or S/S (for 'Screw Steamer') or PS (for 'Paddle Steamer'), however these designations are most often used for steamships. -
Calorimeter
Is an object used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimetry, isothermal microcalorimetry, titration calorimetry and accelerated rate calorimetry are among the most common types. A simple calorimeter just consists of a thermometer attached to a metal container full of water suspended above a combustion chamber. -
The torsion balance
Based on the torsion pendulum, is made up of an elastic material subjected to torsion (torque). When a twist is applied, the material reacts with an opposing torque or reversing torque. It was originally designed by British geologist John Michell, and improved by the chemist and physicist of the same nationality Henry Cavendish. The instrument was invented independently by the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1777, which used it to measure electric and magnetic attraction. -
aerostat
Is a lighter than air aircraft that gains its lift through the use of a buoyant gas. Aerostats include unpowered balloons and powered airships. A balloon may be free-flying or tethered. -
hydraulic ram
Is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower. It takes in water at one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic head and lower flow rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started. -
Leblanc process
Was an early industrial process for the production of soda ash (sodium carbonate) used throughout the 19th century, named after its inventor, Nicolas Leblanc. It involved two stages: production of sodium sulfate from sodium chloride, followed by reaction of the sodium sulfate with coal and calcium carbonate to produce sodium carbonate. -
parachute
Is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag (or in the case of ram-air parachutes, aerodynamic lift). Parachutes are usually made out of light, strong fabric, originally silk, now most commonly nylon. They are typically dome-shaped, but vary, with rectangles, inverted domes, and others found. -
Decimal metric system
is a system of units that has as basic units the meter and the kilogram, in which the multiples or submultiples of the units of the same nature follow a decimal scale. This system, enlarged and reformed, is the predecessor of the International System of Units. -
hydraulic press
is a machine press using a hydraulic cylinder to generate a compressive force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, and was also known as a Bramah press after the inventor, Joseph Bramah, of England. He invented and was issued a patent on this press in 1795. As Bramah (who is also known for his development of the flush toilet) installed toilets, he studied the existing literature on the motion of fluids and put this knowledge into the development of the press. -
Conté crayons
Are a drawing medium composed of compressed powdered graphite or charcoal mixed with a wax or clay base, square in cross-section. They were invented in 1795 by Nicolas-Jacques Conté, who created the combination of clay and graphite in response to the shortage of graphite caused by the Napoleonic Wars (the British naval blockade of France prevented import). -
Stethoscope
Is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body. It typically has a small disc-shaped resonator that is placed against the chest, and two tubes connected to earpieces. It is often used to listen to lung and heart sounds. It is also used to listen to intestines and blood flow in arteries and veins. In combination with a sphygmomanometer, it is commonly used for measurements of blood pressure. -
Braille system
Is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired. It is traditionally written with embossed paper. Braille users can read computer screens and other electronic supports using refreshable braille displays. It was invented by Louise Braille. -
Wet collodion
Is a photographic process cited in the year 1850 by Gustave Le Gray, who was the first to indicate a procedure with this compound, obtaining images by developing with ammoniacal iron sulfate. Frederick Scott Archer published in 1851, in England, a study of such an agent that supposed a great advance in the development of photography. The method involves the use of collodion, a kind of varnish that spills liquid onto the plates. The collodion was sensitized in silver nitrate. -
Roller chain
This is a particular variant of the general case of transmission chain (For example, another type of metal chain is the Morse silent chain) . One of the typical arrangements consists of a power shaft with a power gear (integral with the tree), a receiving tree with its corresponding gear wheel and the roller chain (closed on itself) that joins the two wheels mentioned. -
Ruhmkorff coil
is an electrical generator that allows to obtain very high voltages, of the order of thousands or tens of thousands of volts from a direct current source. It was invented around 1850 by Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff, a Parisian precision mechanic of German origin -
Helicopter
is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of VTOL (Vertical TakeOff and Landing) aircraft cannot perform. This invention was made by Louis Charles Joseph Blériot. -
Bicyclo
Bicycle of which the front one is at the same time motive and directive. The bicycle was the predecessor of the modern bicycle, which was replaced almost completely from 1880. They were the first machines that would be called "bicycles". -
Cobalt blue or cobalt blue
is the denomination of a series of colors of paints for artistic use that are marketed with that name, which have a blue that can go from very dark to light, with a weak to intense saturation. -
Early motion picture camera
first moving picture sequence it was invented by Louis Le Prince, which due to that discover was (and still is) popular known as the "Father of Cinematography". -
Cinemascope Lente
is a filming system characterized by the use of wide images in the shooting shots, achieved by compressing a normal image within the standard 35 mm frame, and then decompressing them during the projection achieving a proportion which can vary between 2.66 and 2.39 times wider than high.