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Period: 1300 to
the renaissance
The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art. Some of the greatest thinkers, authors, statesmen, scientists and artists in human history thrived during this era, while global exploration opened up new lands and cultures to European commerce. -
1420
florence cathedral's dome
One of the most significant architectural achievements of the entire Renaissance was undoubtedly the construction, by Filippo Brunelleschi, of the dome over the Florence Cathedral. This work, begun in the summer 1420, was completed (except for the lantern) in 1436.From the architectural viewpoint, the construction of the Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore represented the event that marked the beginning of the Renaissance, that is, the rediscovery of building models from the classical age. -
1499
Pietá
The Pietà "[Our Lady of] Pity"; 1498–1499) is a Carrara marble sculpture of Jesus and Mary at Mount Golgotha representing the "Sixth Sorrow" of the Virgin Mary by Michelangelo Buonarroti, in Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, for which it was made. It is a key work of Italian Renaissance sculpture and often taken as the start of the High Renaissance. The sculpture captures the moment when Jesus, taken down from the cross, is given to his mother Mary -
1509
the school athens
School of Athens, fresco (1509) painted by artist Raphael, in the Stanza della Segnatura, a room in Pope Julius II’s private apartments in the Vatican. It is perhaps the most famous of all of Raphael’s paintings and one of the most significant artworks of the Renaissance.Raphael was called to Rome toward the end of 1508 by Julius II at the suggestion of the architect Donato Bramante. At this time Raphael was little known in Rome made a deep impresion and his authority grew day by day -
Period: 1520 to 1521
the revolt of the comuneros in castilla
The War of the Communities of Castile, or the Revolt of the Comuneros, took place during the reign of Charles I, between 1520 and 1522. It was an armed uprising led by the so-called “comuneros” from the inland cities of Castile, with Toledo and Valladolid at the head of the uprising.This uprising has been interpreted in different ways, as an anti-seigneurial revolt, as one of the first bourgeois revolutions, or even as an anti-fiscal movement. -
Period: 1568 to 1571
the rebellion of the alpujarras
The second rebellion of the Alpujarras , sometimes called the War of the Alpujarras or the Morisco Revolt, was the second such revolt against the Castilian Crown in the mountainous Alpujarra region and on the Granada Altiplano region, northeast of the city of Granada. The rebels were Moriscos, the nominally Catholic descendants of the Mudéjares (Muslims under Castilian rule) following the first rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501). -
Period: 1568 to
the eighty years war
Eighty Years’ War, (1568–1648), the war of Netherlands independence from Spain, which led to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and to the formation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (the Dutch Republic). The first phase of the war began with two unsuccessful invasions of the provinces by mercenary armies under Prince William I of Orange (1568 and 1572) and foreign-based raids by the Geuzen, the irregular Dutch land and sea forces -
the defeat of spanish armada
Spanish Armada, the great fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England in conjunction with a Spanish army from Flanders. England’s attempts to repel this fleet involved the first naval battles to be fought entirely with heavy guns, and the failure of Spain’s enterprise saved England and the Netherlands from possible absorption into the Spanish empire.Philip had long been contemplating an attempt to restore the Roman Catholic faith in England, -
Period: to
baroque art
Baroque art and architecture, the visual arts and building design and construction produced during the era in the history of Western art that roughly coincides with the 17th century. The earliest manifestations, which occurred in Italy, date from the latter decades of the 16th century, while in some regions, notably Germany and colonial South America, certain culminating achievements of Baroque did not occur until the 18th century -
apollo and daphne
The sculpture was the last of a series of works commissioned by Cardinal Scipione Borghese at the beginning of Bernini’s career. Apollo and Daphne’s sculpture was ordered after Borghese transferred the earlier work of his patronage, Bernini’s Pluto and Persephone, to Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi. Most of the work was done in 1622-23, but there was a pause, most probably for work on the sculpture of David, which interrupted its completion,and the artist did not finish the work until 1625 -
St.peter's square
aint Peter's Square : Piazza San Pietr is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave in Rome, directly west of the neighborhood (rione) of Borgo. Square and basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus whom Catholics consider the first Pope.At the centre of the square is the Vatican obelisk, an ancient Egyptian obelisk erected at the current site in 1586 -
the spinners
One of the most famous of the paintings by Velázquez, and an example of his great mythological works, is The Spinners, also known as The Fable of Arachne (Las Hilanderas). It was painted not for the king but for a private patron. The mythological story of the contest between the goddess Athena (Minerva to the Romans) and the mortal woman Arachne was perhaps told best by the Roman poet Ovid in his Metamorphoses (Book VI). -
Period: to
neoclassical art
Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity. Neoclassicism was born in Rome, largely due to the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann during the rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Its popularity expanded throughout Europe as a generation of European art students finished their Grand Tour. -
oath of the horatii
In 1785 visitors to the Paris Salon (the official art exhibition organized by the Academy of Fine Arts) were transfixed by one painting, Jacques-Louis David’s Oath of the Horatii. It depicts three men, brothers, saluting toward three swords held up by their father as the women behind him grieve—no one had ever seen a painting like it. Similar subjects had always been seen in the Salons before but the physicality and intense emotion of the painting was new and undeniable. -
carlos IV of spain and his family
This portrait of the family of King Carlos IV (1748-1819) was painted in Aranjuez and Madrid in the spring and summer of 1800, shortly after Goya was named First Chamber Painter. It clearly show´s the artist´s mastery at individualizing characters. The forerunners to this complex composition are Louis-Michel van Loo´s Portrait of Felipe V and his Family (P02283) and Velázquez´s Las Meninas (P01174), both of which are in the Prado Museum Collection.