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Imperialism- Colonists
The French had begun conquering Algeria in 1830 and European colonists settled in -
Imperialism- Causes
Economic motives played an important role in the extension of political empires, especially the British Empire; by the 1870s, France, German, and the United States were industrializing rapidly behind rising tariff barriers -
WWI- Prussia-Germany
After the Franco-Prussian war and the founding of the German Empire in 1871, France was forced to pay a large war indemnity and give up Alsace-Lorraine and from 1862 to 1871, Bismarck had made Prussia-Germany the most powerful nation -
WWI- Outbreak of War
In 1875 widespread nationalist rebellion in the Ottoman Empire had resulted in Turkish repression, Russian intervention, and Great Power tensions and Bismarck had helped resolved this crisis at the 1878 Congress of Berlin -
Imperialism- Brazza
In 1880 de Brazza signed a treaty of protection with the chief of a large Teke tribe and began to establish a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo river. -
Imperialism- African Fever
Leopold’s buccaneering intrusion into the Congo area raised the question of the political fate of black Africa—Africa south of the Sahara; when the British successfully invaded Egypt in 1882, Europe had caught “African fever” -
WWI- Triple Alliance
Bismarck’s balancing efforts at the congress infuriated Russian nationalists and led Bismarck to conclude a defensive military alliance with Austria against Russia in 1879; Italy joined Germany and Austria in 1882 which was the Triple Alliance. -
Imperialism- Bismarck
Jules Ferry of France and Otto von Bismarck of Germany arranged an international conference on Africa in Berlin in 1884 and 1885 and established the principle that European claims to African territory had to rest on “effective occupation” -
Imperialism- Asia
Two other great imperialist powers, Russia and the United States, also acquired rich territories in Asia; Russia had been marked by almost continual expansion continued to move south of the Caucasus and in central Asia and nibbled at Far East in 1890s -
WWI- Military Allies
In 1894, France and Russia became military allies after earlier agreements in 1891. This alliance was to remain in effect as long as the Triple Alliance existed. As a result, continental Europe was dangerously divided into two rival blocs -
Imperialism- Spanish- American War
The United States’ great conquest was the Philippines, taken from Spain in 1898 after the Spanish-American War and when it became clear independence was not going to be granted, Philippine patriots rose in revolt and were suppressed after bitter fighting -
Imperialsim- Independance
From 1880-1900, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy fought for African possessions and by 1900 nearly the whole continent had been split & placed under European rule; only Ethiopia in northeast Africa and Liberia in West Africa remained independent -
Imperialism- Boer War
The expansion of empire aroused critics and a forceful attack was delivered in 1902, after the unpopular Boer War, by English economic Hobson in his Imperialism -
WWI- Britain and the US
Britain improved its relations with the United States and in 1902 concluded a formal alliance with Japan, responded favorably to the advances of France’s skillful foreign minister, Theophile Delcasse, who wanted better relations with Britain -
WWI- Lenin
At meetings of the Russian Social Democratic Labor party in 1903, Lenin demanded a small, disciplined, elitist party, while his opponents wanted a more democratic party and the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks -
WWI- The Navy
Germany’s decision to add an expensive fleet of big-gun battleships to its expanding navy heightened tensions after 1907 and German nationalists, led by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, saw a large navy as a mark of great world power and a source of unity -
WWI- 2nd Balkan War
In 1912, in the First Balkan war, Serbia turned southward and with Greece and Bulgaria took Macedonia and then quarreled with Bulgaria over the spoils of victory—a dispute that led in 1913 to the Second Balkan War -
The Age of Anxiety- Treaty of Versailles
Under the Allies’ naval blockade and threat to extend military occupation from the Rhineland had Germany’s new government signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 -
WWI- Hitler
Hitler joined a tiny extremist group in Munich called the German Workers’ party and in addition to denouncing Jews, Marxists, and democrats, the German Workers’ party promised unity under a German “national socialism” which would abolish injustices of capitalism and create a “people’s community” -
WWII- Post War
After the war, the pope lifted his ban on participation by Catholics in Italian politics and a strong Catholic party quickly emerged. Revolutionary socialists, antiliberal conservatives, and property owners were all opposed—through for different reason—to the liberal parliamentary government -
The Age of Anxiety- League of Nations
In 1921 France signed a mutual defense pact with Poland and associated itself closely with the so-called Little Entente, an alliance that joined Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Yugoslavia against defeated and bitter Hungary -
WWII- Mussolini
With the government breaking down, Mussolini stepped forward as the savior of order and property and striking a conservative note in his speeches and gaining the sympathetic neutrality of army leaders, Mussolini demanded the resignation of the existing government and his own appointment by the king -
The Age of Anxiety- Ruhr Occupation
Despite strong British protests, France and ally Belgium decided to pursue a firm policy and in 1923, French and Belgian armies began to occupy the Ruhr district, heartland of industrial Germany, creating a serious international crisis of the 1920s -
The Age of Anxiety- Revolution
In Germany in 1923 communists momentarily entered provincial governments and in November a nobody named Adolf Hitler proclaimed a “national socialist revolution” but Hitler’s plot to seize control of the government was poorly organized and easily crushed, Hitler was sentenced to prison -
WWII- Second Revolution
Mussolini became dictator on the strength of Italians’ rejection of parliamentary government coupled with fears of Soviet-style revolution. Some of his dedicated supports pressed for a “second revolution” but Mussolini’s ministers included conservatives, moderates, and reform-minded Socialists -
WWII- Authoritarianism
Conservative authoritarianism was newly independent Poland, where democratic government was overturned in 1926 when General Joseph Pilsudski established a military dictatorship; Pilsudski silenced opposition and tried to build a strong state which the supporters were army, major industrialists, and nationalists -
The Age of Anxiety- Kellogg-Briand
In 1926 Germany joined the League of Nations, where Stresemann continued his “peace offensive” and in 1928 fifteen countries signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which “condemned and renounced war as an instrument of national policy” -
WWII- Five Year Plan
The party congress of 1927, which ratified Stalin’s seizure of power, marked the end of the NEP and the beginning of the era of socialist five-year plans; the first five-year plan had staggering economic objectives -
WWII- Stalinist
The most frightening aspect of society was brutal, unrestrained police terrorism; first directed against the peasants, terror was increasingly turned on leading Communists, powerful administrators, and ordinary people for no reason -
The Age of Anxiety- The Young Plan
In 1929 the Young Plan, named after the American businessman representing the U.S., further reduced German reparations and formalized the link between German reparations and French-British debts to the United States -
The Age of Anxiety- The Great Depression
The American stock market boom had seen stock prices double between early 1928 and September 1929, was built on borrowed money -
WWII- Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism emerged in the 1920s and the 1930s and in 1924 Mussolini spoke of the “fierce totalitarian will” of his movement in Italy; in the 1930s many exiled writers used the concept of totalitarianism to link Italian and German fascism with Society communism under a common antiliberal umbrella -
Chapter 31- Gorbachev
Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931) -
WWII- Enabling Act
The Nazis pushed through the Reichstag the so-called Enabling Act, which gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years (only Social Democrats voted against this bill, for Hitler blackmailed the Center Catholic party) -
The Age of Anxiety- New Deal
To control and plan the economy, an attempt was the National Recovery Administration (NRA) that was established by Congress but it was declared unconstitutional by Roosevelt -
Chapter 30- Origin of the Cold War
The Soviet Union and the United States began to quarrel as soon as the threat of Germany disappeared and hostility between the Eastern and Western superpowers was a logical outgrowth of military developments, wartime agreements, and long-standing differences -
The Age of Anxiety- Unemployment
In Britain between 1930 and 1935, an average of 18 percent of the workers were unemployed while in 1932, unemployment soared to about 33 percent of the entire labor force in the United States -
Chapter 30- Truman Doctrine
The United States responded to this challenge with the Truman Doctrine, which was aimed at “containing” communism to areas already occupied by the Red Army; to begin, Truman asked Congress for military aid to Greece and Turkey, countries that Britain could not protect -
Chapter 30- OEEC
The close cooperation among European states required by the Americans for Marshall Plan aid led to the creation of both the Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) and the Council of Europe. Britain consistently opposed giving any real sovereignty to the council and as well as nationalists and communists -
Chapter 30- Treaty of Rome
6 nations of the Coal and Steel Community signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community, known as the Common Market -
Chapter 30- De Gaulle
De Gaulle offered the leaders of French black Africa the choice of a total break with France or immediate independence with a kind of French commonwealth; many leaders saw Africa untapped markets for their industrial goods, raw materials for their factories, outlets for profitable investment, and good temporary jobs for people -
Chapter 30- re-Stalinization
Opposition in party circles to Khrushchev’s policies was strong and in 1964, Khrushchev fell in a bloodless palace revolution; Under Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet Union began a period of stagnation and limited “re-Stalinization” -
Chapter 30- Civil Rights Act
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination in public services and on job -
Chapter 30-
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 guaranteed all blacks the right to vote -
Chapter 31- Re- Stalinization
There was a certain re-Stalinization of the U.S.S.R., but now dictatorship was collective rather than personal and coercion replaced terror; rising standard of living contributed to the apparent stability in the Soviet Union -
WWI- Three Emperor's League
The first step was the creation in 1873 of the conservative Three Emperors’ League, which linked the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia in an alliance against radical movements -
Chapter 30- Roles of Women
A growing emancipation of women in the West was one of the most significant trans-formations of the cold war era and development grew out of long-term changes in patterns of motherhood and paid work outside the home -
Chapter 31- Single European Act
The Single European Act of 1986 laid down a detailed legal framework for establishing a single market, which would add the free movement of labor, capital, and services to the existing free trade in goods -
Chapter 31- Revolutions
In 1988 widespread labor unrest, raging inflation, and the outlawed Solidarity’s refusal to cooperate w/ the military government had brought Poland to brink of economic collapse -
Chapter 31- Berlin Wall
The first week after the Berlin Wall was opened, almost 9 million East Germans poured across the border into West Germany and almost all returned to their homes in the East, by the joy of warm welcomes from friends and the experience of shopping in the much wealthier West aroused long-dormant hopes of unity -
Chapter 31- Velvet Revolution
After Czechoslovakia’s “Velvet Revolution” , Havel and the parliament accepted a “velvet divorce” in 1993 when Slovakian nationalists wanted to form their own state -
Chapter 31- European Union
an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members -
Chapter 31- NATIO
Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic were accepted into the NATIO alliance in 1997; gaining admission to the European Union proved more difficult because they had to accept and apply all rules and regulations -
Chapter 31- Maastricht Treaty
The Maastricht treaty set strict financial criteria for joining the proposed monetary union, with its single currency, and set 1999 as the target date for its establishment
