Final Project

Shelters

38,000 BCE

At that time, paleolithic people were making some kinds of houses. Most know where the cave is, but these were few, and they weren't even used as houses. As a house can be shelters made of bones and wood, where people can be kept warm.

Chauvet–Pont–d’Arc Cave

30,000 BCE

This cave in France has some of the oldest paintings. That cave is enormous and contains a lot of artwork and a lot of animal paintings. In these caves, there were bones of animals, so we can get the information that caves were used for their artwork and hunting.

Pre-Dynastic Egypt

6000 BCE

In 6000 BCE, started to settle nomads, and in 5000 BCE, farming started, and communities formed Badarian Culture. Then came more communities, such as the Amratian, Gerzean, and Naqada, which made the Egyptians what it was. During the 3400 and 3200 BCE, was started to be written the history of this place, specifically about the Naqada Culture III.

Fertile Crescent

4500 BCE

In the Middle East, we find the Fertile Crescent a place of significant importance for the different cultures that had been placed there. It was populated in 10,000 BCE for the first time, and the first cities through 4500 BCE. Cities are Eridu, Uruk, and others. This zone was very fertile, so it was perfect for cultivation.

Summerian Civilization

4500 BCE

The evidence of the existence of the Summer comes through 4500 and 4000 BCE. These people speak Sumerian. In actuality, they are called Ubaidians. The summerian city Eridu is knowes as the first city of the world.

Uruk Civilization

4100 BCE

The Uruk civilization goes from 4100 to 2900 BCE. From Turkey to the Mediterranean Sea, we can find Uruk artifacts. During this time, a lot of trade was made through the canals. At this time, Uruk was the most urbanized city, with 50,000 inhabitants.

Ziggurats

4000 BCE

In 4000 BCE, Sumer was divided into independent cities, each with a temple dedicated to a god or goddess. These temples are called Ziggurats. This is one of the most essential Mesopotamian structures. It had the form of a pyramid.

Cycladic Greek Civilization

3200 BCE

The Cycladic Greek Civilization went through 3200 to 1100 BCE. The houses during this time were built of stone. This period is divided into three phases. The Middle Cycladic and the Late Cycladic ended up being one with the Minoan Civilization.

Stonehenge

3000 BCE

This monument is located in England and is dated from 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE. This structure doesn’t have a clear function, but there have been found some human bones that can be referred to as some rituals. This structure is also alienated from the summer and winter solstice, so it could be some ancient calendar or form to identify the time.

Minoan Civilization

2700 BCE

On the island of Crete, this civilization started from 2700 to 1500 BCE. Minos’ rule Knossos this one making it be greater in the comerce with other cities. The writting system was Linear A.

The Old Kingdom

2686 BCE

The Third Dynasty through the Sixth Dynasty from 2686 to 2181 BCE was when Egypt was achieved. In this time was were the Sphinx was constructed, also this was the first of the three that was called kingdom. The Old Kingdom get an strong central government.

Pyramid

2613 BCE

The Fourth Dynasty, by King Sneferu, makes the three pyramids that most stone used. The Meidum was the first pyramid that was made in Egypt. The others two were the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid.

Akkadian Empire (Sargon the Great)

2334 BCE

The Akkadian Empire was the first one to use bureaucracy and administration. Sargon the Great was the funddor of the Akkadian Empire. He conquered Sumer, dominated for the control of the area, and built his cities. The Akkadian Empire was the one that created the postal system.

The Epic of Gilgamesh

2150 BCE

The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest piece of epic Western literature. It is a poetic work of the King of Uruk that gets a lesson from the gods. Gilgamesh becomes a friend of Enkidu, and this dies, and then he starts questioning the meaning of life.

The Book of the Dead

1991 BCE

The concepts come from the Third Dynasty of Egypt and were written in papyrus during the 12th Dynasty. There are spells to understand how to overcome the problems they might fight in the afterlife. This book tells that Annubis would lead the people to the Hall of Truth, and there they need to make the Negative Confession.

Mycenaean Civilization

1900 BCE

During 1900 to 1100 BCE, the Mycenaean Civilization went through, which is the beginning of the Greek culture. There is not much about this civilization, but the Iliad talks about their war with Troy. Their writting system was Linear B that comes the Minoan Linear A. They get a lot influence from the Minoan culture.

The Social Classes under Hammurabi reign

1792 BCE

There were three different social classes during the reign of Hammurabi. There was amelu one person with full civil rights—the mushkenu free man without land. The ardu was a slave, but ardu, even a slave person, could own property and even other slaves.

The Second Intermediate Period in Egypt

1782 BCE

In 1800 BCE, the Hyksos appeared in Egypt. They got power and took control of the Lower Egypt in 1720 BCE. They make the Upper Egypt a vassal. This is the Second Intermediate Period. They brought to Egypt many new aspects, such as horses, bronze artifacts, ceramics, and other things, but the Egyptians hated the Hyksos.

Code of Hammurabi

1754 BCE

The Code of Hammurabi was written in 1754 BCE by the king of Babylon, Hammurabi. It is one of the oldest and largest writings deciphered of laws. It counts with laws and punishments that vary according to social status.

Collapse of Minoan Civilization

1650 BCE

This civilization collapsed because of the overuse of natural resources and was conquered by the Mycenaeans. The eruption of a volcano between 1650 and 1550 BCE and the tsunami that this gets with is the final of the Minoan. The cities were destroyed.

The New Kingdom

1570 BCE

Ahmose I started the New Kingdom. During this period, the name of the pharaoh came to Egypt. Most of the great pharaohs and structures were at this time.

Hatshepsut

1479 BCE

The first woman to rule ancient Egypt. She started her reign as regent of her stepson, led as a woman, and then started to be chosen as a male pharaoh. The temple of Deir el-Bahri is known as the most interesting, and this temple was her temple.

Collapse of Byzantine Empire

1453 BCE

The decline of the Byzantine Empire started with the Bubonic plague. Then came the defeat of the Byzantine garrison in the Italian peninsula, which made it hard to stop the arab invasion. In the battle of Manzikert, the Byzantine army was destroyed, and after this, the empire lost a lot of territory. However, the end of the Byzantine Empire came in 1453 CE when the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople.

King Tutankhamun

1336 BCE

One of the most recognized pharaohs in actuality. His reign was short, and the little thing that we know about him is the restoration of ancient temples. The fame that he has is mainly for the things that were found in his tomb.

Ramesses II

1290 BCE

Ramesses the Great, at the age of 22, was leading a campaign in Nubia. He got onto the throne in 1290 BCE after his father's death. Ramesses built projects for his victory in the Kadesh campaign. He conquered Nubians, Libyans, and Hittites during his reign.

Dark Ages

1200 BCE

Mesopotamia came into the Dark Ages during the 1200 BCE. The system collapsed by the Sea Peoples. The Kingdom of Israel benefited from this and became its independet state.

Etruscan Civilization

1000 BCE

In the center of Italy in the first millennium BCE, the Etruscan civilization occupied this area. In the eighth and seventh centuries BCE, this civilization became part of the Mediterranean trade, and they expanded their territory. The wealth of them come from the natural resources. Kings ruled the Etruscan, and those kings were the ones that first ruled Rome; they got many of their aspects from them. There are no written records of this civilization. It comes from archaeological documents.

Neo-Assyrian Civilization

934 BCE

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the first real empire in the world. Reign at the beginning by Adad Nirari II. Their military policies are known as the cruelties.

Archaic Period

800 BCE

The Archaic period goes from the VIII century BCE to 480 BCE when the Persians, for the second time, invaded Greece. In this period, the Greek population increased significantly, and there was development in their politics, economics, international relations, culture, and other aspects. The Greek alphabet comes in this period and is the earliest example of Greek literature.

Islamic Golden Age

786 BCE

During the 8th to the 13th century, the Islamic ruled in different aspects, such as economics, science, the caliphates, and other elements. This period began in the reign of Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid. This started with the House of Wisdom, where many scholars translated classical into Arabic.

Age of Tyranny

700 BCE

In the middle of the 7th century BCE, Archaic Greece was known as the “Age of Tyranny.” There is much evidence of how tyranny increased in the 7th century. One is from Aristotle, who talks of how the people put the tyrants because the nobility was less tolerable. Still, there is no evidence of that period; we can't know if it is the case.

Umayyad family

644 BCE

The Umayyad family came to power as the third caliph from 644 to 656. The regime went after the First Muslim Civil War, and Syria stayed as the central power of the Umayyads. This period was marked by the territorial expansion and the problems that this made.

Neo-Babylonians Empire

626 BCE

The Chaldean Empire started in 626 BCE and ended in 539 BCE. Their culture and traditions come from the ancient Sumero culture. Nebuchadnezzar II made Babylon a city in the legend that it was.

Muhammad

570 BCE

In 610, in a cave in Mecca, a man had a vision of a man called Muhammad, and about this round a belief of him. he was born in 570, and his family was a poor clan but active in Mecca politics. Meditating in a cave in Mount Hira, he had a revelation, so he started thinking that god called him a prophet.

Cyrus the Persian

550 BCE

Cyrus II became The Great in 550 BCE. He conquered the Medes, and the first Persian Empire was established. Cyrus the Great also controlled the Achaemenid through the loyalty of regional monarchs. He was known for his human rights and political influences on the civilizations.

Classical Greece

500 BCE

this period of Greece was during the annexation of Greece to the Persian empire and its independence. It was through the 5th to the 4th centuries BCE. Classical Greece was the one that had a significant influence on the Roman Empire and Western civilization. This period was succesed by the Hellenistic period.

Athenian Democracy

500 BCE

In the city of Athens in the 5th century BCE, the first democracy in the world. After this, other towns in Greece also put this model into practice. The Athens democracy was direct, so the citizens voted and participated. Participation was only open to adult men who owned land.

Greco-Persian Wars

499 BCE

The Greco-Persian Wars began in 499 BCE and ended in 449 BCE. This war was between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and the Greek city-states. The battle started because Cyrus the Great conquered the region of Ionia in 547 BCE; this was part of Greece. A rebellion started and was known as the Ionian Revolt.

Twelve Tables

450 BCE

The first records of Roman law were enacted in 450 BCE in the Twelve Tables. In this law code, the problems of the plebeians were treated. Problems as there is family life and private property. Plebians were allowed to marry.

The Hellenistic Age

323 BCE

After the death of Alexander initiated the start of the Hellenistic Age. The empire then was divided into four generals of Alexander, and the influence of this made Greece dominant. During this time, 250 Hellenistic colonies were formed. At this time, there existed an enormous movement of people in the Mediterranean.

Constantie

306 BCE

Constantine was emperor of both sides. Constantine made a law in 317 CE, the Edit of Milan, which has to do with his religious belief, benefiting the Christians. He revalued the currency of the Empire, the military. He founded the city of Byzantium, know as Constantinople.

Constantine’s Relationship with Christianity

306 BCE

Christianity's religion became dominant in the Roman Empire because of Constantine. One of the reasons why Constantine became part of the Christians is his mother. He decides to stop the persecution of Christians. The emperor became the patron of the Church.

Concrete

300 BCE

In the third century BCE, the concrete was perfected. The Romas used water, lime, and pozzolana, volcanic ash, to make the concrete. The principal material that they used was this, which helped to build more structures in comparison with other civilizations.

Imperial Crisis

284 BCE

The Imperio was in constant civil war, the empire was broken into three regions, and Diocletian reunited the empire again. Diocletian still divided the empire in half to make it easy to administer. Then came the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. Another effect of the imperial crisis of the Roman Empire was the problems of clarity in the succession. He selected Maxentius and Constantine as successors, and then Constantine defeated Maxentius at the battle.

The Aqua Marcia

144 BCE

The Roman aqueducts are a significant thing of the Roman Republic for using their arch. The Aqua Marcia was the longest of these. It supplied water to the Viminal Hill and the Caelian, Aventine, Palatine, and Capitoline Hills.

Mithraism

100 BCE

In the 1st century CE came the mystery cult of Mithraic Mysteries. It was spread from the Italian Peninsula and came across the Roman Empire. Their deity was Mithras, the god of friendship.

Emperor Augustus

31 BCE

From 31 BCE to the 14, Augustus ruled the Roman Empire. He reformed the laws of the city of Rome, and he secured the borders. Augustus initiated a time of peace in Rome, and his name last as one of the best.