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Justin Smith Morrill
Justin Smith Morrill (1810-1898) was a US Representative (1855-1867) and Senator (1867-1898) from Vermont. He was the chief sponsor of the 1862 and 1890 Land-Grant Acts which allocated the funds from the sale of federal lands to support new Land-Grant colleges and universities that taught agriculture, business, engineering, mechanics, and home economics.
(http://www.morrillhomestead.org/jsmbio.php) -
Ellen Swallow Richards
Ellen Richards (1842-1911) was a MIT graduate and the first to apply chemistry to nutrition. She was a science consultant for the industry and a powerful leader who specialized in FACS and believed science could be used to improve the health and well-being of people. In 1894 she scientifically prepared and sold nutritious lunches at the Chicago World's Fair which included the nutritive value and cost per serving. -
Morrill Act of 1862
The Morrill Act of 1862 made it possible for new western states to establish colleges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts which opened opportunities for farmers and working people previously excluded from higher education.
(https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=33) -
CF Langworthy
CF Langworthy (August 9, 1864-March 3, 1932) was the co-editor of the Journal of Home Economics. He studied chemical composition of food and conducted metabolic tests. -
Carolyn Hunt
Carolyn Hunt (1865-1927) received her B.S. degree in chemistry from Northwestern in 1888 and worked with Atwater. She conducted two important studies of immigrant and ethnic populations in Chicago. She collected dietary histories and social and economical information. -
Land-Grant Universities in Arkansas
The University of Arkansas in Fayetteville is one of the two land-grant universities in Arkansas. It was built in 1871 and opened in 1872. The other land-grant university in Arkansas is the University of Arkansas Pine Bluff. -
Lulu C. Graves
Lulu C. Graves (1874-1949) was the first president of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (which is formerly the American Dietetic Association). -
Hatch Act of 1887
The Hatch Act of 1887 provided state land-grant colleges federal funds in order to create a series of Agricultural Experiment Stations to conduct agricultural research programs.
(https://nifa.usda.gov/program/hatch-act-1887) -
Founding of American Home Economics Association
The American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences (AAFCS) is the professional association dedicated to family and consumer sciences students and professionals from practical settings and content areas. AAFCS was founded as the American Home Economics Association in 1908 by Ellen Richards.
(https://www.aafcs.org/about/about-us/faqs) -
Smith-Lever Act of 1914
The Smith-Lever Act was effective on May 8, 1914 and established a Cooperative Extension Service that extended programs through land-grant universities to educate rural Americans about the advances in agricultural practices and technology which helped increase American agricultural productivity throughout the 20th century.
(https://www.archivesfoundation.org/documents/smith-lever-act-1914/) -
Smith-Hughes Act of 1917
The Smith-Hughes Act was effective in 1917 and provided federal aid to the states for the purpose of promoting vocational education in agricultural and industrial trades and home economics.
(https://www.britannica.com/topic/Smith-Hughes-Act) -
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) was formerly known as the American Dietetics Association (ADA) and was founded in 1917. AND is the world's largest organization of food and nutrition professionals and is committed to advancing the profession of dietetics and improving the nation's health. Lulu Graves was the first president of this association. -
George-Reed Act of 1929
The George-Reed Act of 929 authorized additional and increasing annual appropriations with a maximum of $2,500,000 for five years for agriculture and home economics education.
(https://www.acteonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Coming_of_Age_1926-1976.pdf) -
Vocational Education Act of 1963
The Vocational Education Act of 1963 provided funds to states to improve and develop high quality vocational education programs and opportunities. It benefited the secondary school youth and adults by improving the training they need to hold jobs.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/019263656504930104?journalCode=bulc) -
Vocational Amendment of 1968 and 1973
The Vocational Amendments addressed social and economical problems and continued funding for disadvantaged or disabled students. It allowed these citizens to have access to high quality vocational training.
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001440296903500913) -
Vocational Amendment of 1976
The Vocational Amendment of 1976 provided federal funding in order to develop activities and programs to eliminate gender bias, stereotyping, and discrimination in vocational education. It also provided funding to programs for single heads of households, homemakers, and part-time workers who are seeking full-time jobs or nontraditional jobs for their sex. -
Carl Perkins Act of 1984
The Carl Perkins Act of 1984 (also referred to as the Vocational Education Act of 1984) states that individuals who are members of "special populations" must be provided with equal access to recruitment, enrollment, and placement activities in vocational education including comprehensive guidance and counseling services.
(https://www.naset.org/index.php?id=perkinsvocational2) -
Carl Perkins Act of 1990
The Carl Perkins Act of 1990 (referred to as Perkins II) provided a new federal definition for vocational education and emphasized service to individuals with disabilities and educationally and economically disadvantages. This act increased vocational education funding to $1.6 billion through 1995 which was $600 million more than Perkins I. -
New Name for Profession
In June of 1994, the American Home Economics Association (AHEA) voted to change the name of the profession to Family and Consumer Sciences (FACS). The name of the association then became American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences (AAFCS). -
Carl Perkins Act of 2006
The Carl Perkins Act of 2006 was signed into law on August 6th. It provides increased focus on academic achievement of career and technical education students and strengthens the connections between secondary and post-secondary education.
(https://www2.ed.gov/policy/sectech/leg/perkins/index.html#:~:text=Perkins%20Vocational%20and%20Technical%20Education%20Act%20of%202006%20into%20law,improve%20state%20and%20local%20accountability.)
