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Dred Scott was involved in a court case involving his freedom claiming that he should be considered free because he resided in Illinois which was a free state. In the end, Dred Scott lost the case and was not considered a citizen.
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Lincoln and his administration took the legal position that free blacks were American citizens.
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Congress passed the Civil rights act of 1866 that would declare all people who were born in the U.S. were citizens of the U.S. no matter what race they were.
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Within this amendment was a limiting clause that did not grant birthright citizenship to members of Indian tribes.