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This Greek philosopher's atomic model consisted of a round sphere with no electrons, protons, or neutrons.
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He theorized that "the universe is composed of two elements: the atoms and the void in which they exist and move" but never actually proved any of it with hard science.
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The only thing Dalton changed about the model of the atom was that they were only spheres. However most of his contributions came from his improved atomic theory. He found that compounds were two or more atoms chemically bonded.
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Growing up in England in the 18th-19th centuries Dalton was on the cusp of modern chemical sciences. Experiments with gases became much easier, leading to his discoveries with pressure and just atoms themselves.
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Using a cathode ray tube, Thompson was able to shoot the rays between to magnets. One of them being positive and one negative. The rays were shot at a florescent substance that would illuminate when stuck by the rays. The ray was sculpted towards the positive side of the tube, proving that there are some kind of negatively charged particle in atoms. The Electron!
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Using the known fact that electrons exist, Thompson created the "Plum Pudding" model of the atom. In this model all particles, positive and negative, are evenly dispersed throughout the atom to make it neutral.
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Rutherford concluded that in the atom the negatively charged electrons must orbit that positively charged protons and neutral neutron in a nucleus. The New Zealander updated the atomic model with the new "Planetary" model, with the nucleus being a sort of star for the electrons or planets orbiting around it.
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Hoping to find that alpha particles would pass right through the plum pudding like atoms of gold, Ernest Rutherford set up a revolutionary experiment. However things didn't go as planned, he started to see that the helium nuclei were bouncing off and going in every which way.
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The Rutherford model of the Atom was great and revolutionary, but just didn't explain chemical properties. Bohr found that electrons jump between energy levels when excited, and must give back the energy they received when they calm down.
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Schrödinger discovered that there are many different kinds of orbits depending on the energy level the electron's in. There are s,p,d, and f orbits that all appear at different levels and are all 3 dimensional. and where they overlap helps us determine the probability of where an electron is.
