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Serbian Revolt
Serbian independence leaders Karageorge and Milos Obrenovic battled Ottoman forces in two major uprisings. Although the Serbs had support from Russia because of their shared religion, they still faced a terrible struggle. During this Period, Serbian culture flourished, strengthening nationalism in Serbia. Gradually the Serbs gained a degree of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, and an 1830 agreement gave the serbs complete control over their internal affairs. -
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War of 1812
In the War of 1812, the United States took on Great Britain, in a naval dispute. Some causes of the war include British attempts to restrict U.S. trade, the Royal Navy’s impressment of American seamen and America’s desire to expand its territory. -
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was when European nations met to decide about the political situation in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. Ambassadors and Leaders from Austria, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and France were in attendance; the head of the whom was Klemens von Metternich, from Austria. Its decisions promoted peace in Europe for thirty years. -
The Six Acts Are Passed in Britain
The Six Acts of 1819 were designed to reduce disturbances and to check the extension of radical propaganda and organization. They provoked sharp criticism even from the more moderate Whigs as well as from the radicals, and they did not dispel the fear and suspicion that seemed to be threatening the stability of the whole social order. These acts limited the rights of the British people. -
The Greeks Revolt
In 1821, the Greeks revolted, seeking to end centuries of Ottoman rule. Leaders of the rebellion justified their struggle as “a national war, a holy war, a war the object of which is to reconquer the rights of individual liberty.” The Greeks won the sympathy of the conservative forces of Europe. In the late 1820s, Britain, France, and Russia forced the Ottomans to grant freedom to some Greek provinces. -
Polish Nationalists Defeated
The Polish also staged a revolt in 1830, but they were unsuccessful. In the late 1700s, Austria, Russia, and Prussia divided up Poland. Poland hoped that the Congress of Vienna would restore their homeland, but instead it gave Poland to Prussia. In 1830, polish students, army officers, and landowners rose in revolt, but were thwarted by the Russian Army. The survivors fled to Western Europe and the United States where they kept the dream of freedom alive. -
Belgium Wins Independence
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna combined the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) with the Kingdom of Holland under the Dutch king. The Belgians wanted a new arrangement because they were mostly Catholic and the Dutch were mostly protestant. The Belgian economy was based on manufacturing, while the Dutch economy was based on trade. Belgium demanded independence, and in 1831, they became an independent state with a constitution. -
European Potato Failure
The European Potato Failure was when Potatoes in Europe failed to grow. This lead to a substantial decrease in the European food supply. While this is most commonly known to have affect Ireland, it also affected Prussia and Belgium, particularly in Flanders. -
Revolts Shake the Austrian Empire
In the Austrian Empire, revolts broke out in major cities, starting in Vienna. Metternich tried to suppress the revolts by censoring the press, but books were smuggled into universities. Metternich, failing in his attempt, resigned and fled in disguise. The revolts overwhelmed the Austrian government, so they gave in to the demands. The wins were only short lived, as Austrian troops soon regained control of Vienna and Prague, eventually stopping the rebels in Budapest. -
Revolts in Italy
Uprisings also occured in the Italian states. Nationalists wanted to end the Habsburg domination. From Venice to Naples to Rome, Italians set up independent governments. They even expelled the Pope. They were quickly defeated by military force, and the French army restored the Pope to power. -
Rebellion in the German States
In the German states, students demanded liberal reforms. Economic hardships and the potato famine had brought hardships the Germany. In Prussia, liberals forced the King to sign a constitution. The Germans eventually met with the Prussians and Austrians to try to unite as one nation state, but these attempts failed. -
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U.S. Civil War
The war between the United States of America and the self-proclaimed Confederate States of America. The Confederate States wanted independence due to laws regarding slavery, among other things.
