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Trust versus Mistrust
Lia (age 1) received consistent care and attention from her parents since birth. She learned to trust that her needs would be met promptly, fostering security in her caregivers. The crisis in this stage is between developing faith in the reliability and predictability of the world (trust) or feeling anxious about the intentions of others (mistrust). Trustful infants form healthy attachments and develop a positive outlook, while those who experience mistrust may struggle with insecurity and fear. -
Industry versus Inferiority
Lia (age 10) excelled in her elementary science fair project, receiving much praise. She felt a sense of competence and achievement in her abilities, contributing to her confidence. The crisis in this stage is between learning new skills (industry) or feeling inadequate (inferiority). Adolescents who develop a sense of industry are motivated to achieve success and take pride in their achievements, while those who experience inferiority may doubt their abilities and struggle with low self-esteem. -
Intimacy versus Isolation
Lia (age 35) entered a committed relationship with her partner, sharing her thoughts, feelings, and life goals with him. She felt a deep emotional connection, enhancing her identity and belonging. The crisis in this stage is between forming a close relationship (intimacy) or feeling isolated and lonely (isolation). Adults who can navigate this stage develop satisfying relationships and establish intimacy with others, while those who struggle may undergo feelings of loneliness and alienation.