-
Period: to
Sink or Swim method
The sink or swim method was used where students who spoke a language other than English were placed into mainstream classroom and left to figure it out on their own. -
Meyer Vs. Nebraska
The Supreme Court invalidated that a Nebraska law banned the teaching of foreign languages to school children. This was a violation of the 14th Amendment. -
English as a Second Language (ESL)
English as a Second Language was largly ignored until the goverment stepped in and created a official bilingual program. This became part of the Public Education system. -
Period: to
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Congress passed Elementary and Secondary Education Act which created funding, policies, and procedures that targeted students from low income families. This funding was known as Title VII. This act will be reauthorized many times. -
Bilingual Education Act
The Bilingual Education Act was entered into Title VII. This provided grams to school districts and other eligible entities through a competitive grants. -
Lau vs Nicolas
A Chinese American was placed in a mainstream classroom left to sink or swim. This was found to be a violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. After this case, Lau Remedies was created by the Department of Education to go after the districts who were ignoring the needs of English Language Learners. -
Equal Education Opportunities Act (EEOA)
The Equal Educational Opportunities Act stated that no state should deny educational opportunities to any individual on account of his or her race, color, sex or national origin. -
Castaneda Vs. Pickard
This case was held in Texas and found that the Raymondville Independent School District was failing to address the needs of an English Language Learner student as Mandated by the EEOA. Although the plaintiff lost, the outcome allowed for a set of 3 test were created to see if schools were meeting the needs of the students. This allowed English Language Learners needs to be met based on their scores. -
Plyer Vs. Doe
This case struck down districts who were trying to charge parents of immigrant students tuition for "loss of funding" due to their child being placed in their districts. This was against the Equal Educational Opportunities act which states that students cannot be denied Opportunities based on their status. -
Period: to
Court cases
Plyer Vs. Doe, Gomez Vs. Illinois Board of Education and Flores Vs. Arizona Board of Education showed that the courts were not following the laws that were set in place to provide students with the Equal Educational Opportunities that they deserved. Students were being placed into mainstream classrooms with no support or limited support that did not help them to gain proficiency in English. -
Gomez Vs. Illinois Board of Education
This case was due to 5 students with Limited English Proficiency and a 6th student who had not been tested. These students were not provided with the services needed to be considered an Equal opportunity to their education. This case stated that the tools used to identify students were not accurate and students were falling between the cracks. -
CA Proposition 227
This changed how students with Limited proficiency in English were taught in the state of California. This placed a restriction on bilingual education. -
Flores Vs. Arizona
Nogales Unified School District was not
providing services to students of Limited English Proficiency. This was seen to be a violation of the students right to Equal Educational Opportunities as well as their civil rights.This case closely resembles court the court cases of Plyers vs. Doe and Gomez vs. Illinois board of education. -
AZ Propositon 203
This was much like the CA Proposition 227 which was pass in 1998 in California. This Proposition placed a restriction on bilingual
education. -
Period: to
No Child Left Behind
Once known as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, this law provided money for extra educational assistance for poor children to be able to improve in their academics. During this time, Title VII was then replaced with title III. Title III provide Districts funding for English as a Second Language students. This funding provide them with academics to achieve English proficiency and meet the State standards. -
World Class Instructional Design and Assessment
This assessment was developed based on common English language proficiency standards and assessments. We continue to use this testing to support English Language Learners. -
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
This act was signed by Obama and provided a total of 44 billion dollars in stimulus funding for education. -
Race to the Top
Race to the top provided 4.35 billion dollars to the United States Department of Education competitive grant created to spur and reward innovation and reforms in school districts. -
Period: to
Every Student Succeeds Act
This act was the authorization and renaming of No Child Left Behind Act. It holds schools accountable for what their students are learning. This act aims to target students and provide services to those students who may need extra help. This not only will help provide services for special needs but also the English Language Learners.
