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Meyer v. Nebraska
State can determine instructional language in public schools, but parents have the right to give heritage lessons out of school. This has continued to allow families the freedom to keep their culture and heritage at home while possibly learning a new language/culture at school if there home language differs. -
Farrington v. Tokushige
State can determine instructional language in public schools, but parents have the right to give heritage lessons out of school. This has continued to allow families the freedom to keep their culture and heritage at home while possibly learning a new language/culture at school if there home language differs. -
ESEA: The Elementary & Secondary Education Act
Aims to improve educational equity of students from low-income families through funds, policies and procedures. More students needs are being met, no longer a "sink or swim" model. -
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Title VII: The Bilingual Education Act
A bill under ESEA to provide federal funding to districts in support of bilingual education programs. A need was seen and met that more districts needed funds to be able to provide a quality education for their bilingual students. -
EEOA: Equal Educational Opportunities Act
Part of Lau Remedies, states must offer education to all individuals no matter nationality, color or race. We need to offer the right of a quality education to all, and make sure that the individual is limited based off of their nationality. -
Lau v. Nichols
Chinese American students were left to "sink or swim" in their mainstream classrooms. This court ruling led to EEOA. This has helped us understand the difference between equality and equity. -
Castaneda v. Pickard
Case where a Texas district fell short of meeting EEOA requirements. Led to test to see if schools are completing EEOA requirements to address ELL's needs. -
Plyler v. Doe
Can't deny students a free public education based on immigration status. Students are still eligible to receive a free public education. -
Gomez v. Illinois State Board of Education
The Castaneda test was used to determine that there were inadequate programs for ELLs. -
CA Proposition 227
Approval of English for the Children initiatives, placing restrictions on bilingual education. Initiative was funded by a California software developer, who ignored past history on removing bilingual education programs. -
Flores v. Arizona
Case filled because civil rights of LEP students were violated due to an inadequate program within the district. -
AZ Proposition 203
Approval of English for the Children initiatives, placing restrictions on bilingual education. Initiative was funded by a California software developer, who ignored past history on removing bilingual education programs. -
Title III: Language Instruction for Limited English Proficient & Immigrant Students
To this present day Title III is providing grants to state education; requires that ELL's be placed in LIEP. Allows districts to submit a plan demonstrating how they will use language instruction curriculum in order to receive funds. -
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NCLB: No Child Left Behind
Reauthorization of ESEA by George W. Bush, replaced Title VII with Title III and Title I, funds determined by high-stakes testing. Required increases in yearly number of students attaining English proficiency by the end of the school year. -
MA Question 2
Approval of English for the Children initiatives, placing restrictions on bilingual education. Initiative was funded by a California software developer, who ignored past history on removing bilingual education programs. -
ESEA Flexibility: The Elementary & Secondary Education Act
States could apply for flexibility from the Title I NCLB requirements, if they submit an alternative system for reform and accountability. Allows schools more time to have students reach testing requirements. -
ESSA: Every Student Succeeds Act
Presently the latest re-authorization of ESEA in effect which allows states to set goals and consequences, puts emphasis on students growth. I believe this allows for more individualized assistance based on district/student needs.
