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Bracero Program 1942-1964
The Bracero Program was initiated on August 4, 1942, during World War II, and officially ended on December 31, 1964. The Bracero Program, spanning from 1942 to 1964, brought millions of Mexican laborers to the United States to address wartime labor shortages, profoundly influencing agricultural and immigration policies. -
Mendez v Westminster 1947
Mendez v. Westminster was decided on February 18, 1947. Mendez v. Westminster (1947) was a landmark case where the court ruled against segregation of Mexican American students in California, setting a precedent for desegregation and advancing civil rights in education. -
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Chicano Movements 1960s-1970s
The Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 1970s was a civil rights movement advocating for the empowerment of Mexican Americans, addressing issues such as education, labor rights, and cultural identity. -
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ELL Mandates
Implemented throughout the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, English Language Learners (ELL) Mandates refer to federal and state regulations requiring schools to provide specialized instruction and support services to English Language Learners, ensuring academic success for students whose first language is not English. -
1968 East Los Angeles Walkouts
The 1968 East Los Angeles Walkouts, also known as the Chicano Blowouts, occurred in March 1968. The 1968 East Los Angeles Walkouts were a series of protests by Mexican American students against unequal conditions in public schools, demanding educational reform and greater opportunities for Hispanic students. -
The Bilingual Education Act 1968
The Bilingual Education Act was enacted on January 2, 1968. The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 provided federal funding for bilingual education programs, recognizing the linguistic needs of immigrant students and promoting equal educational opportunities for non-native English speakers. -
Plyler v Doe 1982
Plyler v. Doe was decided on June 15, 1982. Plyler v. Doe (1982) was a Supreme Court case ruling that states cannot deny funding for education to undocumented immigrant children, affirming their right to a free public education. -
Immigration Reform and Control Act 1986
The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was enacted on November 6, 1986. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 granted legal status to millions of undocumented immigrants while imposing sanctions on employers hiring undocumented workers, impacting immigration and labor practices. -
The DREAM Act
The DREAM Act has been proposed numerous times since its inception in 2001, but it has not yet been enacted into law at the federal level. The DREAM Act (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act) is proposed legislation aimed at providing a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States as children. -
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is a U.S. immigration policy established on June 15, 2012, by the Obama administration. DACA is a U.S. immigration policy that provides temporary protection from deportation and work permits to certain undocumented immigrants who were brought to the country as children, known as "Dreamers."