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Oct 25, 1492
Arrival to North America (Christopher Columbus)
Europeans are looking to find precious metals and trade with Asia without having to rely on the middle eastern trading centers
They couldn’t go towards the East by because there were trade blockades going up so they started going West by sea.
Christopher Columbus took a trip financed by Spain and
arrived in North America in 1492. Europeans are looking to find precious metals and trade with Asia without having to rely on the middle eastern trading centres. -
Oct 25, 1497
Development in Newfoundland (Start of Fisheries)
John Cabot arrived in Newfoundland (1497)The trip was financed by the English.15th/16th century:Majority of Europeans were Catholics and observed fasting periods prescribed by the church where meat is not allowed. Fish became a popular protein. Fishers quickly took control of Newfoundland waters. Fishing boats from Europe travelled to the coast of North America.Every summer these men would set up temporary camps on the shores and dried the fish that they would then take back to Europe. -
Oct 26, 1497
Details about Fisheries
Techniques to preserve the cod are- Green:Preserving the fish with salt. Dried : To dry the cod , the fishers built wooden structures on the shore and arranged fish on them. Sun and wind dried the fish which meant they could be stored for months. This is the cause for the first contact between the Europeans and Natives. For preserving the fish, they needed to go on shore and that's where they contacted some Native groups. -
Oct 25, 1500
The Barter System
The different nomadic and sedentary Aboriginal groups used the barter system which means trading goods without money. They only traded for what they needed for survival. Trades weren’t done for profit. They were transported over great distances and took traditional routes. Some different things they traded : amber , shell , obsidian , silica etc
Obsidian (black stone) was probably one of the most precious because it can make sharp tools (skinning animals). -
The Charter Company System (Company of 100 Associates)
1601-1627:monopolies followed one after the other, but only a small handful of French people settled in the colony. State requirement: Holders of fur trading monopolies must populate the St.Lawrence Valley. 1627: Company of 100 Associates.It was an association of 100 shareholders that invested to start up the capital.Company required to populate and manage the territory. 1627:France and England went to war. The Company suffered financial losses and was unable to settle the territory. -
Colonization of North America
The Fur trade lead the French to settle permanently in the territory as of 1608. (Fur trade is one of the main reasons for the French - Aboriginal Alliance). Mercantilism and the need for resources led France to colonize North America. The King granted commercial monopolies to merchants, who in turn had to protect France’s rights to the territories. Trading posts were built in forests and on the banks of main waterways.They served as warehouses, trade sites and military bases. -
First Nations People: Alliances and Rivalries
Divided and weakened by illness, the Huron were decimated through war with the Iroquois between 1648 and 1650
The Algonquians continued to trade furs with the French , but they too clashed with the Iroquois. The French and Iroquois entered into a peace treaty that spanned from 1667 - 1680. During this peace the coureurs de bois , French merchants , began to explore the Great Lakes region in search of less expensive furs . -
Hudson's Bay Company
Europeans had still not explored the territories northwest of the Great Lakes.1659: two coureur de bois decided to go to the area to trade with a group of Aboriginals.The explorers returned with details on territory and high - quality furs.They were unable to convince the French authorities to finance a commercial expedition to Hudson Bay. They offered services to English crown,which funded a maritime expedition to the Hudson Bay in 1668, creating the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1670. -
King Louis XIV
Began his reign in 1661. In 1663: He takes the monopoly away from the Company of 100 Associates (can’t participate in fur trade). Louis XIV set up crown corporations, companies that were accountable to him like the Dutch West India Company (they took over trade in New France and elsewhere) This system ended in 1674. He did this to gain control of economic activites in New France, and to assert territorial claims in North America. -
Diversified Economy During French Regime (Pt.1)
Fur remained one of the main products exported by New France. To diversify the colony’s economy: After the establishment f the Royal Government in 1663: Agriculture was the economic activity in which the largest number of people were involved. The land organized according to the seigneurial system. Most of the land granted was located along the St. Lawrence River , where the majority of the colonists settled. This location gave them access to the river , which was the main communication route. -
Diversified Economy During French Regime (Pt.2)
The French state encouraged and subsidized two industrial sectors during the 18th Century: shipbuilding and ironworks. In 1738 a royal navy shipyard was established in Quebec City. Lead to related industries.The availability of iron ore in the Trois - Rivieres region was the basis for the establishment of the Saint - Maurice ironworks. Like with the shipyard , the creation of ironworks lead to related industries , such as wood stoves, cooking pots and ploughing equipment. -
British Regime
Duration of British Regime:1760-1867. Treaty of Paris 1763: means the British officially take over now. British merchants and manufacturers gain total control. Europe is already industrialized and now its happening to North America.French Mercantilist policy = gone. The colonies primarily served as a source for supply of raw materials and goods. Until the mid-19th century, Great Britain maintained a policy of protectionism that favoured the purchasing of resources from within the Empire. -
Fur Trade during British Regime
Fur trade falls into the hands of British now. Creation of the North West Company (1783) after the American Revolution. Eventually merges with HBC in 1821. The fur trade continued to be an important economic activity after the Conquest.Under British rule, whoever wanted to could get involved in the fur trade.However, it was the Canadiens who did the fieldwork, since they knew the territory and had expertise necessary for trading with the Aboriginal peoples. -
Changes in agriculture during British Regime
Family farms were occupation of ppl:which met basic their needs
Surplus is created and sold to improve standard living.After the passing of Corn Laws in early 19th century: tariff’s encouraged the growing and export of wheat.In addition to increasing numbers if immigrants and new technologies, the farm system was pushed to diversify. Protectionism: tariffs to protect local markets.1846: Britain ends corn laws. Now Free Trade policies.Reciprocity treaty:raw materials traded without custom duties -
Shift in Economy during British Regime
Shift in economy from fur to timber trade. Napoleon sets up a naval blockade in 1806 preventing Britains access to timber. Britain quickly turned to the NA colonies for the timber supplies. Timber industry was profitable to many people: seigneurs who saw that they could gain revenue by exploiting the forests located in their territory. Colonization of new regions: Because there is a big push to get timber, new land is available and then cleaned up so it can be farmed and settled. -
Urbanization: towards the end of British rule
Working class neighbourhoods were created close to factories and living conditions were often hard there most working-class dwellings were made of wood and did not have running water, electricity or toilets. Moreover, these poor working conditions, which were endured by unskilled workers , would drive them to unite in order to demand improvements to their situation.New Regions/ colonization: timber trade overpopulation of farms opens up new areas:Saguenay, Mauricie, Outaouais and Laurentides -
Industrialisation In Quebec: 1st phase
Industrialization came to Quebec in the last third of the nineteenth century. There was a change from the old style cottage industry to factory production. Factories employed cheap, unskilled labour to operate machinery hat mass-produced goods quickly at low cost. Encouraged industrialization in Quebec:People moving to cities from rural areas and immigrants arriving from Europe provided plenty of cheap labour.(Food processing,Textile,wood,tabacco) -
Dominion of Canada
Dominion of Canada was created by the confederation of the british colonies in North America 1867. The new country’s industrialization and its expansion to the West made the development of a vast economy possible. -
Economic factors related to Confederation
Four economic factors would lead the colonies to unite to form the dominion of Canada.
(1)Great britain abandoned its protectionist policies and adopted free trade. (2)1st phase of industrialization:access to a vast transportation network which strengthened economic ties between the colonies.
(3)1860:United States wanted the territories situated in the west of United Canada which encouraged the colonies to consolidate.
(4)1866:the united States cancelled the reciprocity treaty. -
National Policy
The prices of raw materials collapsed and exports fell resulting in economic crisis in 1873. Creation of National Policy: introduced by John A. Macdonald's Conservative Party in 1876 and put into action in 1879.
1.Increase customs/duties: protect/promote canadian industries by ensuring canadians bought canadian goods (Avoid American interests) 2.Build Railways => CPR was to run coast to coast, making trade easier 3.Immigration to Western Canada leads to bigger population = bigger market -
Industrialisation of Quebec: 2nd Phase
Canadian industries experienced growth as a result of the protectionist tariff policy started with the National Policy. This second phase of industrialization, which lasted from about 1900 to 1929, was primarily characterized by the quick expansion of industrial sectors which had developed due to new energy sources: hydroelectricity and oil. Three conditions for industrialization: 1) Wheat2) Foreign Investment3) First World War -
The great depression
The mechanisms of the Crisis:
How? Surpluses accumulated due to overproduction = fall in price and curbed rate of production = letting go of workers =lowered value of companies in stock market = CRASH IN ECONOMY due to overproduction
-Government responded to economic crisis of 1929 by implementing a protectionist policy.
-The effects of the stock market crash were felt for almost a decade. Between 1929 and 1933 -
The Impact of the Second World War
War production: federal government enacted National Resources Mobilization Act in 1940 = allowed government to request all available resources.
It regulated the supply of certain products necessary for war production and it raised taxes.
Victory Loan Bonds = consumers earn profits on their savings while lending money to government, which invested in the war effort.
Quebec expands in these industries: textiles food processing, iron and steel and natural resources. -
Post War Years
1945-1960:
-The tertiary sector (service sector) developed and employed more of the labor force.
-Social Change and Mass Consumption after 1945:
Tertiary sector employees, who were increasing in number, unionized
Social benefits:One-two weeks off paid vacation each year, A 40 hour workweek,Overtime pay,A health insurance plan, Option to contribute to a pension fund.
Mass media: encouraged to consume = advertising
Business = stimulated and led financial institutions to offer credit to consumers -
1960’s and 1970’s
Quiet Revolution: during 60’s Quebec experienced major political,social, cultural/economic changes. Baby boom=Increased demand for services.State creates education and health services. Also invests in public infrastructures. Government pumped funds into economy and enhanced purchasing power of consumers, while creating jobs.*Creation of Hydro Quebec allows for the nationalisation of production and distribution of electricity.Public investments in 60’s/70’s led to period of prosperity in Quebec. -
Recessions and Recoveries Since the 1980’s
Recessions and Recoveries Since the 1980’s:
In 80’s Organization of Petroleum (0PEC) raised prices causing economic slowdown in Western world.The increase in transportation costs was accompanied by rise in prices of goods.Government Reactions to Economic Fluctuations:Shift back to privatization (basically selling off some companies, letting business people run the business world instead of the government) of certain public corporations, what this does is get rid of debt. -
Free Trade
-IN 1989: Started with CANADA-UNITED STATES FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (CUSFTA) eliminating customs and duties between Canada and US. -IN 1994: Treaty was renegotiated: NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA)
