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Jun 24, 1497
Cabot's Discovery
In 1497 John Cabot reached Newfoundland, there they fished cod, since most of the population back in Europe were Catholic they had abstinence, where they were unable to eat meat. The cod was a perfect nourishment in the summer fisherman would set up camps, and would dry the cod. -
Jun 24, 1497
The Fisheries
There were two ways of preserving the cod
-Green Fish
-Dried Fish
The fisherman set up wooden homes on the shore, and would arrange the cod on them to dry
They would also trade with the FNP and slowly introduced Europeanne goods to them. -
Oct 28, 1500
Amerindian Trade Networks
The Amerindian's used the Barter System -They didn't use any currency
-They traded different types of goods
-They traveled large distances to gather good and to trade Many First Nations groups needed the trade so they could acquire different goods that they cannot find in there territory. -
Oct 28, 1500
Obsidian Tools
One of the most trade resources that the Amerindians were able to acquire were obsidian tools, because they were very durable and very sharp stones. -
Oct 30, 1500
Role of NA in Europe's economy
The French realized that beaver pelts could be used for hats and coats, making them very valuable back in Europe, so with the trade with Amerindians the Europeans would ask for the beaver pelts in return. -
Oct 30, 1500
Amerindian agriculture
The First Nation's people that were sedentary would practice slash and burn agriculture. Where they would slash the vegetation and then burn the vegetation for cultivation, that way the nutrients needed for the plants to grow would be in the ground. -
Fur Trade continued
in the colonies, so it was dangerous to bring people over, as well it was not profitable to bring settlers. The monopoly's were given to many different company's until they were given to crown companys -
Mercantilism
It is based on the parent country accumulation of wealth in the form of gold and silver. This is done by colonizing areas and accumulating resources that the mother country can export.
- The parent country would process these materials and turn them into goods, and sell them back to the colonists.
- Production of these goods was banned in the colonies, so they could accumulate fur. -
Fur Trade
The French settlement was very focused on the fur trade.
They had many different groups develop relations with the Amerindians for trade. The King of France wanted to bring order to there competition so he gave one group a monopoly on the fur trade. Not many people were needed for the fur trade so the monopoly holders did not settle many people.
The Company of 100 associates had reasons for not settling people in New France,
Since England was at war with France in the colonies as well -
Hudson's Bay Company
No Europeanne had discovered what was northwest and the great lakes Two french courreur de bois, Raddison and Groseillier went to the English king for funding after being denied by the French king. The English funded them and then two created the Hudson's Bay Company. -
Diversification of the economic activities in New France
Different activities such as agriculture, shipbuilding, ironwork, commerce and craft activities became more popular in New France
- Agriculture was a activity for subsistence since the population was quite small in the colony
- It was also the most popular activity in the colony, the territories were divided in the seigneurial system.
Shipbuilding was encouraged in New France, and a royal navy shipyard was built for warships.
Commercial crafts included wig making and goldsmiths -
British Fur Trade
When the British took over they put in a protectionist policy and mercantilism policies.
The protectionist policy was take away in the mid 19th century.
The fur trade fell into the hands of the British, but it was still the french Canadians that did the field work.
The demand for Beaver pelts went down over time. -
Timber
In 1806 Napoleon set up a naval blockade.
It cut Britain's access to timber.
So they turned to the colonies.
High demand led to seigneurs exploiting there territories for wood, and banks started to come out and people would invest in the timber exploitation. It also led to settling new areas like Saguenay. -
Agricultural and Trade Policies
Corn laws in the early 19th century, it encouraged the export of wheat. Bringing in more immigrants and diversifying the agricultural market. They were abolished in 1846.
In 1846 Great Britain, got rid of the protectionist policy and implemented free trade, with the reciprocity all primary resources would be free to trade anywhere without paying taxes on them. So the colonies now diversified there markets to different places such as the US. -
Confederation
In 1867 the British NA colonies joined together,
Reasons
-No more protectionist policies
-1st phase of Industrialization
-The US wanted territory in the 1860's
-In 1866 the US cancelled the reciprocity treaty -
First Phase of Industrialization
British funding is used to finance new industries. Rural exodus began to have a large impact on the population in the cities. Raw materials were collected in large numbers. Mainly food processing, leather, tobacco, transportation equipment and wood industries were affected by the industrialization. Note no actual date for start of Industrialization -
Urbanization consequences
Working class neighborhoods were near the factories and conditions were harsh. They did not have electricity and running water. The conditions lead the workers to unite and create unions. -
National Policy
Created by John A. McDonald in 1879 after the economic crisis in 1873.
-It increased customs and duties on items
-Included build the Canadian Pacific railroad
-And encouraged immigration to West Canada -
Industrial changes in the Contemporary period
Exploitation was mainly focused on agriculture, hydroelectricity, mining and forestry. A source of capital shifts to the US.
1900-1930 Second Phase of Industrialization
1939-1945 Second World War
1945-1970 Post War
1970-Now Modern Age -
Second Phase of industrialization
Canadian industries had a growth because of the effect of the protectionist tariff that were in the National Policy.
-It was defined by fast expansions in industrial sectors such as hydroelectricity and oil industries.
-And the construction of the railway
-Cultivation of wheat -
1st World War
-Canada is one of the main suppliers of allied troups
-It developped sectors such as textile, mining
- A high demand for food to supplie the allied troups also helped the agricultural sector -
Unions and Demands of workers
Since living conditions of the workers were very poor they unionised so they can have better living and working conditions. -First unions CTCC in 1921 and and the FTQ In 1957
The demands were for better pay and conditions and using protests and strikes to do this. -
The Great Depression
Causes
-Overproduction
-Fall of Prices
-Fall of stock Value
-Companies losing profit
-Production decline
-Large amounts of layoffs
-Low consumer purchases Mostly every sector was hit. Some solutions were, tarrifs, public works, encouraged farming, direct aid and work camps.
World War 2 also helped with production being high as supplies was needed. -
Post war years to modern economy
The tertiary sector, was popularised. Many goverment programs were put in place such as payed vacations for 1 to 2 weeks, healthcare coverage and elder pensions.
In the 1960's Quebec experienced the quiet revolution which changed the social economic and political views.
The government took control of education and healthcare. -
Free Trade
In 1989, Canada and the US signed CUSFTA which was a free trade agreement between the two countries In 1994 it was renagociated into NAFTA to include Mexico.
