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Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Economy and Development
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Oct 1, 1500
Trading Systems
-trading occured between the Iroquis and the Algonquians
-they would trade their farming surplus for their hunting surplus
-this system was called the barter system -
Oct 1, 1504
Fisheries
-first major economic activity
-fish was in great demand in Europe for relgious reasons
-to keep the fish preserved for the length of the voyage, the fish would be smoked, dried and salted
-the contacts between aboriginals and french fishers were sometimes peaceful and sometimes not -
Aug 4, 1534
Fur trade
-The Amerindians traded for with the Europeans for metal objects
-The beaver pelts were worth much more than the metal objects
-The fishermen brought the animal pelts back to France where the King granted them a monopoly of the fur trade in the St. Lawrence Valley (chartered companies)
-Created alliances between the French and the Natives
-Created competition between France, Great Britain and Holland -
Company of One Hundred Associates
-They were given a monopoly on the fur trade
-They were also supposed to build up the population of the territory but since they were only focused on the profit they didn't succeed in their goal
-In 1663, their monopoly was taken away from them and the royal government took over -
Mercantilism
-it's a way of financial organization theory
-European Countries thought it was essential to possess as much gold as possible
-You would accomplish this by exporting more than you import
-Take in natural ressources from colonies you had control over and sell finished goods -
Attempts to Diversify the economy
Jean Talon tried to make the colony economically independant through self-production:
~imported domesticated animals
~wheat circulation
~creation of small workshops
~sell surplus fur
~flour and fish were exported
~construction of sawmills -
Jean Talon
-The first Intendant of New France
-He tried to make the colony economically independant through self production
-He also encouraged the creation of smallworkshops -
Hudson's Bay Company
-founded by Pierre-Esprit Radison and Médard Chouart Des Groseilliers with the support of Britain
-trading posts were built throughout the Hudson Bay region
-the fur trade in this region became a rivalry between France and Great Britain resulting in a series of battles -
Beaver crisis
-in the 1960's, the fur related fashion was passé and the demand for beaver pelts started to decrease
-due to the ongoing fur trade, there was a surplus of beaver pelts and nowhere to put them
-the timber industry was on the rise -
Expansion of the timber economy
-At the beginning of the 18th century Great Britain was obtaining its wood supply from northern Europe
-After the Napolean Blockade, Great Britain turned to Canada for its wood supply
-This marked the begginning of the Canadian timber industry
-It created many more jobs and new trades were formed -
Triangular Trade
-was used by Jean Talon to help diversify the economy but it failed
-New France would send raw materails to France. France would then send finished goods to Africa. Africa would send slaves to New France
-the triangular trade helped the colonies to sell its surpluses and give the mother country what it needed -
Transportation Infrastructure
-waterways were the main method of transportation at the beginning of the 19th century
-Upper Canada was having difficulties shipping its farming surpluses because of the rapids
-the Canadian government began to support the buildings of transportation infrastructures
-canals and railways were built
-the trains were much faster than the boats and were able to operate during the winter -
The Lachine Canal
-the building of the canals facilitated the circulation of steamboats
-the Lachine Canal took many years to build because it was dug by hand and it was difficult to build around rapids and waterfalls
-once it was built it was very popular and became a major industrial zone -
Treaty of Reciprocity
-Canada signed a Reciprocity Treaty with the U.S. in 1854
-it only lasted 10 years because it wasn't renewed
-this treaty removed customs/duties between the two countries (US and Canada)
-the expiration of this treaty was one of the reasons for the British North America Act -
National Policy
-The Nationalist Policy was created by MacDonald
1.Increase Custom Duties: promote Canadian Industries
2.Build Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was to run coast to coast
3.Encourage Immigration: bigger population=bigger market -
First Industrial phase
-took place during the years 1885 to 1900
-the origins of the Capitol came from Britain
-first assembly lines were created to make the production faster to make more money
-the working conditions were poor and dirty
-specialized in wheat and dairy production
-relied on coal for energy -
Second Industrial phase
-much better working condition than the first phase of industrialiszation
-first affected light industries producing everyday necessities (shoes, clothing and food)
-later, industries more export-oriented joined these light industries (pulp and paper, chemical products and mining)
-relied on hydroelectricity for their energy source -
Great Depression
-The Great Depression was caused by the stock market crash of 1929
-people were buying shares in companies on borrowed money
-when debts were called, the stocks plummeted
-most sectors of the economy were hit hard
-the government implemented work camps, direct aid and public works -
World War II
-the second world war helped reboot Canada's economy
-the war took Canada out of the Great Depression and opened doors for wonen
-they were now allowed to vote and the amount of women woking in jobs increased
-after the war, Canada welcomed all immigration -
The Quiet Revolution
-also know as La Révolution Tranquille
-a rapid and far reaching process of social, economic and political reform in Quebec
-massive increase in government intervention
-a period of modernization in Quebec
