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-North Korea occupied by USSR
-South Korea occupied by USA -
-Solution: Industrialization!
Export-oriented industrial economy
-lots of cost savings - low wages -
-1945 lost colonial empire after WWII
-colonies taken over by USSR
-Reconstruction and Rehabilitation
-1947 constitution enforced by US
-Enforce democracy, economic liberalization, and military disarmament
-Constitutional monarchy (democracy-ish; emperor has no power) -
-Communists beat nationalists in civil war after being united in WWII and push them to Taiwan (1949)
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-3 military dictators; much political instability
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-High BR
-low life expectancy
-skewed sex ratio in S.K. b/c boys in war -
-N.Korea invades S. Korea
-First Hot War of the Cold Wars
-Ends in cease fire
-Division of Korea at 38* remains -
-Manufacturing of cheap consumer products
-importation of foreign tech. (especially US)
-Investments in infrastructure: transportation, communication, education, etc. -
-political stability
-renewed agricultural activity: Mao's land redistribution policy popular w/ Chinese peasantry (communist regime)
-food + peace = population growth = high BR, low DR, high TFR -
-Still a little military presence
-political stability
-democratic political system, parliamentary representation, constitutional monarchy, no foreign or civil wars or coups
-Strong alliance w/ US -
-Remains authoritarian, nominally communist, isolated, and poor under 3 successive dictators
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-Mao's aim is to use china's vast labor force supply to transform its traditional agrarian economy to a communist, industrial powerhouse
-collectivization of land, Chinese farmed in large communes (group living)
-gov't took responsibility for all aspects of economy - no wages paid
-agricultural tools melted for iron and wood was used for fuel
RESULTS: Grain shortage, floods and earthquakes, famine, high DR, IMR, 20-70M Deaths, low TFR -
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-Manufacturing Cheap Consumer Products
-State-Sponsored rapid industrialization plans & investment in infrastructure
-State support of chaebols: large family-owned corporations
-Tech. Importation -
-Communist leadership sidelines Mao, more practical approach to agriculture and industry
-gov't ownership remains
-communism replaces confucianism as way of life
-TFR goes up -
-Cultural Revolution
-Mao's back
-mobilized young ppl (red guard) to stamp out remnants of capitalism, old ways of thinking
-managers and intellectuals killed or sent to labor camps
-caused economic, cultural, and educational crisis -
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-Increasingly skilled, educated, middle-class produce high-value consumer products: cars, electronics, etc
-Japanese corp. become TNCs
-Invest in research and development = create, not import tech.
-By 1990 3 sector economy w/ strong industrial base -
-Steel, heavy equipment, ships
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-Deng Xiaoping, Mao's rival, and a pragmatist, in charge
-Economy in shambles from GLF and Cultural Rev.
-CCP highlights importance of controlling pop. growth & economic development
-Quiet Campaign: voluntary encourage "later, longer, fewer" - decreased BR and TFR
-1978 Four Moderations -
-Ruling since 1921
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-Modernize + expand industry
-modernize agriculture
-upgrade defense
-develop science, tech., and medicine -
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-BR going up - delayed effect of earlier baby boom
-enforce abortions & sterilization
-bonuses for 1 kid, penalties for more -
-Increasingly skilled, educated, middle-class produce high-value consumer products: cars, electronics
-Increasing investment in research and development = create, not import tech.
-Major gov't sponsored educational investments and reforms -
-Deng rules- socialism w/ Chinese twist
-agriculture decollectivized
-Household Responsibility System: give agriculture stuff to gov't but keep extras to sell
-private business licensed (still lots of state owned enterprises, SOEs)
-First SEZs - special economic zones -> foreign investment pours in
LATE 1880s
-privatization of the state sector
-restrictions on trade, prices & wages lifter slightly
-dismantling of the welfare state (free healthcare, $ for homeless, etc) -
-Prolonged struggle for democracy
-New Democratic constitution adapted -
-TNCs proliferate
-Heavy industry + 3 sector tech -
-started by college/youth (youth bulge)
-want more political rights/democracy
-failure -
-Financial setbacks that typify MDCs
- gov't deficits, bank crisis leads to recession
-economic growth stagnates -
-Leaders in technological innovations
-International Finance + Banking -
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-Authoritarian state
-GNI per capita increase a lot after 2000
-moving towards MDC
-comparatively large urban pop
-large aging pop. -> dependency ratio skewed --> increase 1 child policy