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John Amos Comenius
Education should begin in early years to fufill humans godlike image.
Developed first picture book. Providing a complement to the development of literacy.
Emphasized sensory training, now considered a foundational practice within ECE.
All education should be sensory. -
Johann Pestalozzi
Swiss Educator that developed the Pestalozzi Method which is a whole child approach that includes all aspects of a person, emphasizing on head, hands and heart.
He believed children learn by doing and that each child should have an equal opportunity to a quality education, regardless of income or background. -
Friedrich Froebel's
Froebel (1782-1852) Built on Pestalozzi's ideas and methods but extended them to develop educational materials (gifts and occupations. Father of kindergarten, garden for children. Just like flowers need water, children "water" (materials) to grow as well. Education should be based on children's interests and their active involvement, and teachers need to understand children's development by directly observing their actions. (First K opened in 1840 in Germany) -
Susan Blow Kindergarten Movemeht
Blow (1834-1916) was inspired by Margret Schurz and Elizabeth Peabody.
~ Blow was the major voice of K expansion in the US
~Opened the first K in 1873 in St. Louis and was a response to education starting at age 7. She taught at the school for 11 before leaving and starting schools
~ 50 schools that had a split the day between teaching children in the morning and lectures for teachers in the afternoon
~ formed the International K Union (now Assoc. for Childhood Education International) in 1892 -
G. Stanley Hall Child Study Movement
Believed teaching should be based on direct study of children. Child study labs created to observe norms for growth and development (first steps, speak first words) -
John Dewey Progressive Movement
(1859-1952)
-John and his wife Alice founded the Laboratory school at the university of Chicago in 1893.
-He had a major influence on the progressive education style
-He believed the purpose of education was to ensure a functioning democratic society
-"Education is the process of living and not the preparation for future living"
-Emphasized the "child centered curriculum"
- Integrated curriculum...the subject matter should be introduced to children in ways they can understand -
Erik Erikson
termed the phrase "identity crisis"
four stages:
mistrust vs. trust birth - 1 year
autonomy vs. shame & doubt 1-3
initiative vs. guilt 3-5
industry vs. inferiority 6-12
mothers and family are important actors in first 3 satges -
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorism's theory of positive reinforcement (rewards) deal with the concept of motivation. It's theory of negative reinforcement technique is equally important as prevention. This theory is useful as it is a traditional way of teaching by teachers who belief in the concept of rewards and punishments as the only means of educations. Shaping teaching a new skill behavior by rewarding each step toward the goal. -
Patty Smith Hill
(1868-1946)
Part of the Nursery School Movement
- the term "nursery school" is an outdated term which basically equates to what we consider preschool and pre-kindergarten
- 1921: Hill starts a progressive nursery school at Teachers College
- She started her own Kindergarten which incorporated her belief that children learn through play
-1926: formed the National Committee on Nursery Schools; eventually became NAEYC (1960's)
- Wrote songs with her sister for children; wrote Happy Birthday -
McMillan Sisters Child Care
~wanted to create an environment where under privileged children or poverty stricken families could have access to good health, education, outdoor play and safety. This is where "day nurseries" or nursery schools came from.
~When the Works Progress Administration was created in the 1930's day nurseries became only wellness based; not education based. More geared toward taking care of the children and not educating them.
~Allowed anyone to become teachers within this facility. -
Lev Vygotsky
Sociocultural theory- interaction within a cultural context
Zone of proximal Development (ZPD)- Level an individual has achieved independent level of problem solving. development achieved with adult guidance
Scaffolding- assisted guidance to help a child
tool- items that helps the student achieve goal
ex: calculator
private speech- thinking aloud becomes thinking thinking to oneself
self-regulation- adapt or control behavior according to the situation -
Caroline Pratt
Rejected the Froebal's Kindergarten curriculum.
Motto (and title of her book) "I learn from Children"
Created Unit Blocks -
Montessori Method
Maria worked with poor children. She believed in the Absorbent Mind that children actively learn from sensory experiences. She designed the classroom environment for children to work independently with child size tables, chairs and other furnishings. Prepare the environment, observe children and not interfere with natural exploration. -
Maslow
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
-Psychologist/humanist who studied healthy personality development rather than mental illness
Created the Self- Actualization theory
-Identifies a hierarchy of needs that motivate peoples behavior and their ability to reach a hierarchy of personal goals
-Hierarchy shows basic NEEDS and GOALS
-You have to get the needs taken care of before you can achieve your goals
-Framework for how people are motivated -
Albert Bandura
Social cognitive theory - both a behavioral and cognitive theory, which serves as a bridge.
Modeling - Teacher showing children a skill or desirable way of behaving or speaking. Children imitate the behavior of others.
Observational learning in 4 phases: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation.
Self-regulated learning - his theory that people not only learn by modeling the behavior of others, but by observing and evaluating their own. -
Head Start
Head Start is Federally funded, national program that promotes schools readiness by enhancing the social cognitive health, nutritional social and other services to the nation's poorest children and families. -
Lucy Sprague Mitchell Bank Street
-Got her degree at Teacher's College
-Launched the Bureau of Educational Experiments (aka Bank Street College) to study child development
-Believed focusing on child development was more important than a curriculum
-Created a workshop to develop a solid way for kids to learn -
Jean Piaget
Cognitive Development theory
4 stages
Sensory motor: birth-2
Pre-Operational: - 2-7
Concrete Operational 7-11
Formal Operational 11+
Theory explains how children's thinking grows. -
Latino American ECE
Bilingual education began in the 1960's starting in Miami 1963. 1990's bilingual education was banned. Most schools have an English only law for K-12 schools. in 1996, Head Start adopted multicultural principles including adapting dual learners and provide better teachers for dual learners. -
Native American ECE
In the 19th century, children were sent to boarding schools and not allowed to participate in cultural practices. Forced assimilation.
In the early 1900s more progressive practices but still mostly segregated an inferior
This was the government's strategy for oppression and control
In the 60s and 70s the civil rights movement helped bring better funding and bilingual education
Head start had an impact because of the emphasis on education and comprehensive services -
African American ECE
Mary Church Terrell 1896 - She was the first African American to earn a college degree and later her masters. Helped launched NACW She supported ECE and helped spread kindergarten for African American children through out the US.
Oneida Cockrell 1896 - Started Rosenwald-Garden Apartment Nursery School & Kindergarten in Chicago to help children in poverty.
Dorthy Howard 1929 - Started first Black nursery.
1954 - Brown v Board of Ed. to end segregation.
Historically Black colleges and University
