-
Period: to
25% GNP
military spending on programme
1964-1982- during brezhnev era
wanted to bridge gaap between ussr and usa
after the cmc- ussr realise that they need huge develop -
poor harvest ussr 1972 and 75
they had to become reliant on the usa for grain imports esp as the pop were growing at fast rate -
1973 petroleum crisis
the whole world was suffering from this crisis but ussr do to insufficient planning and management failed to make use of this crisis and rise the oil prices which would have greatly benefited their economy -
1975 ussr crop failure
had to rise imports from usa make sure that their own people do not starve -
Apollo soyuz test project
was a joint venture between ussr and usa
1975 1st international partnership
lasted 9 days
carried out 5 joint experiments and exchanges commemorative items -
GNP of ussr 1980-85 1.1%- while USA 2.6%
in the 70s it was quite synchronised with usa- at a level of 3% but in 50s it was higher with 5-6% growth.
showed the economic problems that gorb had inherited and the probs -
beriozkas
they were two chain stores that allowed the ussr to recevie hard currency, gave foreignr opport to buy sov goods caviar and vodka and gave sov resdnt oppr to trade hard currency for checks to buy foreign goods like philips tvs and casettes -
brezhnev died nov 1982
alot of discontent and criticism, this was allowed even more so due to hand held copying machines -
Military spending ussr
they were spending 15-20% of their annual gdp on military even during detente- this increased to even higher nbs when fears over sdi in 1983 -
usa militry spend 5% of gdp
during detente which was signif lower than that of ussr 15-20% -
sdi
reagan tell militr, science and tech indiv that usa come up wth initiative to get rid of nukes
thought that defence against icbms possible and tis would encrg ussr to reduce stockpile of weapons
SDI would destroy nukes in space before reaching target
nothing more than an idea- impsb to build
drove paranoia in ussr -
yuri andropov
took office from 1982 following brezhnevs death and died in 1984 -
Konstantin chernenko
took to office following yuri andropovs death in 194 but then he too died in 1985 -
Mikhail gorbachev power
he was alot younger than previous leaders(gynocracy, country led by old people) and so he was popular- he had different outlooks and plans he wanted to revitalise economy, the living standars in ussr signif lower than those in west, shows that socialsm not working -
gorbch econ policy
he wanted to reform the policies inorder to beat the economic and social stagnation that the ussr were dealing with unnder brezhnev
this was blocked by communist hardliners-feared a shift to communist -
econ probs in ussr down to
alcoholism- meant alot of injuries at work, absenteeism, missing lots of day of work, low productivity
lack of foreign invstmnt- state too involved
no creativity or innovation
inflation not in line with wages, lots of strikes and unrest
gorbch crack down on alchl, rise the price, arrest drunks in publ, limit times to sell alch- solve absenteeism and up productivity -
PERESTROIKA 1985
social reforms, improve economic performance and struct- but not dismantle complet
decentralis planning- more freedom and self managmnt- state still in charge tho
mangrs in charge no interf from GOSPLAN
end state price controls
perestrk- fixed sovs econ hardships but also 'NEW THINKING' attracted foreign invstmnt -
'new thinking'
huge arsenal does not = safety
cold war needs to end
econ and social policies= safety
securit comes from world cooperation, tried to integrate sov into global structure and reduce cold war tensions -
Geneva summit 1985 nov
both reject agressn openly
saw 3000 journalist cover the summit
thought they would cut offensive weapons by 50%
gorb 'reasonable sufficiency'- maintain only nukes deemed reasonable and sufficient
shift back to negotiaition rather than confrontation
1st time that a soviet leadr excepts huge cuts without demanding the same from usa
made agrmnt on intermediate nuclear forces
SDI continue cause tension - usa defensive, ussr seen as way put offensv wpn into space -
brzhnv doctrine abandoned
satellite states going through same probs as ussr
gorb make clear he will not intervene- encrg perestroika and glasnost
east eu states unhappy threat of military intervention was alaways there but it provided them support and knowledge that ussr would intervene to uphold their regime -
things draining sov econ
material support to east eu- too costly- more of a burden and nuissance- 14 bill a year
the boycotting of moscow olympics
trade embargoes and sanctions due to afgh
afghn war- very costly- 8 bill a year
nuke armament through roof due to fears surrounding SDI -
shift in US policy
central america was no longer strategically or politically important for USA and so there was no more uncond support for the right wing regimes in place
durig a 25yr period, the USA brought down 24 govs inorder to ensure a pro-USA. -
GLASNOST- openness
led to re-exam of past and actions, collectvstn and party purges
those persecuted by stln- rehabilitated-
openness esp after chhernobyl disaster in 1986- gov initl try suppress news, but reports from sweden about hugh lvls of radiation in air
forcd to make public -
Reykjavik summit oct 1986
In iceland
reagan will get rid of all nukes, but gorb thought sdi should be gone too, no agrmnt till thats done, but reag unwilling get rid of sdi
discussed huan rights and humanitarian issues but there were no concrete agreements -
Reagan quote about reykjavik summit
I realised that gorbachev brought me to Iceland with one purpose: kill the SDI' and that made me angry -
poland
jaruleski- reconcile with solidarity- outlawed them in 1981 and placed martial law
now remove martial lawz in sep 1986- political amnesty for ldrs and those involved
this coincided with econ downturn for poland, more strikes due to inflation , due to policy of glasnost and perest ppl free to critique- gov not allowed to suppress, had to work with people to resolve probs -
uzbekistan probs
18,000 comm officials were dismissed and replaced with russians, they knew nothing of the language or culture and his triggered rise in nationalism which agitated for ethnic Uzbek rule and indep -
gorb replace kazakh ldr with russian
this was seen as humiliating to kazakhstan and proof of further ethnic russian domination. 16 dec riots out in streets and gov crackdown arresting thousands -
washington summit 1987 dec
INFsigned - rid of all missiles between 500-5500Km - all to be destroyed by june 1991
ussr rid of 1846 intermed range ballistic missiles while usa 846
gorb declare that ussr removal from afghanistan by 1989
ussr more weapon bcuz they were less powerful
1st time they both agree removal whole class of weapons
ussr made deal without asking to remove idea of SDI- realised it was never going to materialise -
INF 1987
intermediate range nuclear forces- took place ein washington
first ever treaty to eliminate an entire class of weapons -
comecon made obsolete 1988
ussr realise cannot continue giving east eu cheap raw materials and trade benefits- toll on ussr
moved away from centralised planning- which rendered comecon useless- many east eu states were moving towards market based econ -
gosplan was the state planning comittee
useless parts were eliminated - get rid of corruption and redundancy -
61 joint ventures ussr-usa
under gorbachev perestroika and glasnost policies, the ussr and usa had 61 joint venures including in technology and natural resources by 1988 -
failure alcohol polciies
it was good in that it got productivity up and increased life expectancy's, alcohol consumption decreased by 40%
but this had a toll on the revenue which had 15% relying on alcohol production and it also allowed the black market to boom
cost 100bill rubles, in taxes -
Moscow summit
may-june 1988
goal- agree to START- limit nuke to 5000 each side
no headway on start- instead the focus was on human rights- where 7 treaties were signed, student exchange and fishing programmes
vry important gave reagan to sov ppl, spome to students at moscow uni, gave vision of a free ussr with no totalitarian regime, resonated with listeners
journalist asked if he still consid evil emp, he said no diff time another era -
Angola
usa initially support fnla but switched to UNITA as fnla wknd by mpla
mpla given money $1bill help them, cuba provide 10,000 troops without consult moscow first
sa- dont want civil war go on forever, not sprtd by ANC bcuz of apartheid, want end, destabalise region
accords in 1988 new york cuba agree to withdrawl of troops, possbl bcuz of ussr and usa, SA stability aswell as south west afr- no renewd conf with MPLA -
rise nation AZERBAJAN
crisis, armenians in nagarno-korabakh region asked for indepe- they want to be in sov armenia
ussr no- if they sprts nationa movm, lead to more, domn effc, fall of ussr -
poland strikes 1988
due to price rises of 200% as Poland was seriously indebted to other countries, the strikes led the government jarulezski to legalise Solidarity and to enter negotiations wth solidarity and the catholic church -
belarus 1988
rise in nationalism declare want indp esp after finding mass graves in woods outside of minsk of people that were executed under the stalinist era by the nkvd
belarus popular front party established -
round table conference 7 april 1988
solidarity was recognised as a polticial party not just a trade union -
law on state enterprise 1988
was done to give the enterprises more freedom - was part of perestroika
goal was to move away from the central planning and authority, it would give the busnss more say in how to run and structure the business, plan own production and marketing , hope they would be more self sufficient and efficient -
george bush in 1989 in office
inorder fofr the cold war to end - usa need gorbachev to be in power, lead relations and cooperation, usa to do nothing to undermine the stability of his position as ldr -
april 1989 sov withdrawl forces out hungary
agreed to be done by 1991 -
ukraine 1989
the second largest republic within the ussr, if it chose to leave the would be irreparable damage, there were huge protests in lvov to ask for greater toleration of ukrainian christians and culture. the rukh- ukranian nationalist party was funded in 1989 and by 1990 they declared that their main goal was no longer autonomy within the ussr but indp from -
rise national GEORGIA ask indp 1989
20 protestors die, huge tensions- heightnd demands
more tha 100k ppl gather infront of gov offices and called for georgias indepen, troops were sent more than 200 wounded just hightened nationalism -
Hungary open borders
proces sof more reforms after janos kadar resigned- more reforms implmnt by new ldr- nemelm
open brd with austria- influx of east ger- failures of comm
thought that is HSWP- hung social wrk party most pop- win outright- allowed electrions- move away from comm, elect moved hung to democracy
made a trade deal worth 1bill deutschamrk loan west ger- econ reforms which then allowed for the political reforms too -
kadar replaced with karoly grosz
he was a reformer, feb 1989 the party accepted that hungry would have to beome a multi-party democracy to avert revolution, the commie party reformed to make the hungarian socialist party hwvr not pop won only 11% votes not part of coalition but it did make a return in 1994 -
poland become multi party state
1989- coalition gov dominated by solidarity, solidarity won 92 out of the 100 seats in the Sejm's upper house and 160 out of 161 in the lower house. 2 weeks later communists won all the seats reseved for them which was 65% this pleased gorby as it safeguarded communist control while giving enough political concessions to please the west and get them to aid poland -
brezhnev doctrine abandoned 6 july 1989
gorbachev gave a speech in which he informed the european council that the european home is excludes all possibilty of armed struggle -
pol politics- gov led by solidarity- demnd by walesa
moved towards represent in gov
allowed ppl to run and vote- solidarity reprsnt in gov
in the sejm- lower house 35% of seats were freely elected as to maintain the comm majority- sovs pleased
won 92 out of 100 seats in senate
wont 160 out of 161 seats in compete for diet- parlament
many refuse to vote for diet unless solidarity represented
lech walesa- ldr of soldrty- 1989 7 aug- demand gov led by solidarity- approved by ussr within 2 weeks -
czeckslvk protests
huge, wencelas square- vadav havel arrstd along 13 mbrs econ and poltcl reforms needed
estmtd that 3/4 of well water unsuitable for human consmption and rivers in slvk were polluted, not enough hospitals and children brthng issues, gov intro some reforms, ppl argue not enough
21 aug led to huge protests -
BALTIC STATES
lithuan, latvia and eston want indp- clear plan, had a baltic assembly in TALLIN 1989
23 aug 1989 show call for unity and independ
MADE THE BALTIC WAY- 2 million people form chain across the three republics -
gorb visit gdr
told honnecker to follow the example of the poles and hung and that life punishes late comers -
fall of berlin wall 9 nov 1989
a gdr official (gunter schabowski) made a mistake on live broadcast when announcing new travel laws, said they'd be able to go west without passes and that this would be in effect immediately.
ppl rush to wall, border guards overwhlmd, let them through
celebrt eat and west and start tearing down wall -
bulgaria- ldr replaced 10/11/1989
todor zhivkok was repalced his regime riddled with cronyism benefits to friends and fam, salry 500% higher, better educ, bulgarinisation- expelled 200k turks-international condemnation.
july 1989 pm mladenov told gorb want change drct bulg,gorb agree, zhivkok outsted, bulg comm party try to reform bulg socils prty,
1992 coalitn gov won majority but outsted in 1996 due to econ crisis- failed to distance itself from legacy of comm -
czechoslovakia- fall com,
1989- comms had control till very end- no need to rebel econ was doing well
vadav havel-ldr of small opposition was imprisnd in 1970s spk out against gov
him and colleagues signatories of charter 77(denouncing gov for not following human rights accords at helsinki), gained support in 1989
ppl saw west trhive- felt they were very ebhind wanted the fashion and the culture -
Period: to
velvet revolutions czckslv
was the transition of power , peaceful from 17 novm 1989 to 29 december 1989 -
MALTA summit dec 1989
ussr move twrd market econ- from centralsd econ
some agrmnts made about east eu
gorb assure he will not interve politically
no real agrmnt over ger, bush said to leave it to gers
usa gree not to interven in baltic states
no real agrmnts but paved way for CFE treaty signed in paris 1990 -
NICARAGUA
was war between sandistas(commies) and contras- backed by USA, sandista pwr 1979- but usa sanctions and funding for contras, trained by cia in hondur and given weapons
shift policy- usa less sprt- need to make agrm end civil war- 11 yrs ppl tired
violet chamorro- us sprt- choses presdnt- got rid of contras- sandistas have no one to be against end civil war
us $300 mill in aid
aid stpd in 1992- econ wreckd, decades to recover -
cuba and castro end cw invlv
started reforms or restructuring , made cuba less depend on sugar, diversified econ and trade lotsx of trade with china but also canada and eu, promoted tourism which was very infl for their econ, new trade agrmnts gave them hard currency.
withdrew support for armies and countries in africa esp in medical and tech experts -
Ethipia
war with somalia over ogaden territory, somalia backed by USA, ethiop by ussr, cuba, sent militry aid- 300 militry personnel from cuba
MENGISTU- ldr establ comm dictrshp
but ethiop continue probs droughts, indp battles from eritrea- want indp, 2x battle cause destabalist to region
ussr frgn policy change 19891 no more sprt esp for comm block, rebels come in to capital mengistu has to flee, went to zimbabwe
ethiopian ppls revolut democr front, had marxist roots, but align with usa -
ger unif 1990oct
helmut kohl west ger chancell, want unitd ger in NATO- grb fear NATO expans but econ so bad, accept anything for econ benefits.
gorb made this decision alone, did not consult his politburo -
lithuan indp 1990 feb
sovs last attempt to gain control, sovs sent troops to capital vilnus try gain control, killed 12 -
estonia march 1990 indp
-
latvia may 1990 indepnd
-
feb 1990- article 6 of constitution removed
this removed the foundation of the ussr's government, the officials now needed to have the backing of more than 50% of the electorate and by march 1990, many of the old officials did not, gorb was elected the first executive president of the USSR -
january 1990 comm disolv in pol
the solidarity memebers led a coalition gov from 18 aug 1989 with only 4 commies, however not clear that a huge shift, solidarity choose to stay in warsaw pact.
fall of comm czcskl and gdr- pol remove comm from pol and gov, nov 1990 jaruleski prsd resign and lech walesa new led, of social democrat party -
two plus four talks 12 september 1990
was where the powers agreed to the unification of germany, kohl -chancellor initially wary wanted a feder or pltc union but the ademancy of the east brl led to unif being only option.grbch didn't want to see liquidation of gdr but evently complied said gers should decide own future. Kohl conv west saying ger stay in nato - 2+4 talks signed in moscow 12 sept 1990 -
CFE- paris summit 19 noc 1990
The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty) was signed on November 19, 1990, at the Paris Summit by 22 countries from NATO and the Warsaw Pact. It was a key Cold War arms control agreement aimed at reducing conventional military forces in Europe and preventing large-scale war. -
union treaty 20 aug 1991
gorbch tried to give more gov represent to republics within ussr- hard liners saw this as the final step in disintegr of ussr -
yeltsin coup
from 19 aug to 21 1991, follwoing gorb try implmn union treaty- hardliners try salvage traditional ussr
gorb arrested at home in crimea, publ told he was ill, new committee formd, yeltsin suport of army and ppl rallyinng in streets , coup failed by 21 aug 1991
yeltsin new poerful figure emerged
made presdnt- comm part was banned -
gorbch resignation
after the failed coup- communist hardliners took control- failed boris yeltsin support of ppl, hwvr gorb position never same -
czechoslovvakia split into 2
shows rise of antionalism, independence for czechia and slovakia -
albania elections
in 1991 and 1992 , by 1992 the anti communist democratic party held the majority of seats -
El salvador
1984 elections, extrmly left leaning party- jose napoleon duarte, usa aid $6mill
rise in FMLN- guerilla group fight against right wing US gov, usa try limit nb of troops
fmnl backed by cuba, ussr and sandistas
usa gov bush and reagan fund gov, give weapons and training
1987 amnesty law pardon those falsely accused go to prison.- hwvr also pardon death squads- pissed ppl off- fmln startd again
war could not be won, made fmln a poltcl party
peace accord sign 1992 -
hungr socialst party back in pwr 1994
made an alliance with the free democrats and in 1996 a poll judged them the most popular party in hungary.