-
sino bmng of quemay and maksu
this prvkd usa- angrdv ussr- detertng relat
sovs didnt notify ussr -
Period: to
sino-sov relat deterior
rise in tensions
mao felt part as senior comm statesman not respctd
accsd krsch of revisionism -
sov sprt ind in bordr dispute
sino-ind brdr dispute in which sov sprts ind, rise in tension and factor in deteriorating relat between sino-ussr -
sov removed tech exprts
rmvd tech support by rmving tech exprts from china in 1960
deteriortng relat -
oper ranch hand- kndy
was in 1962, destry enmy covr in jungle, agnt orange and blue aswell as napalm
poisoned 2.4 tectores - 6mill acres of sth viet land montagard- region between nrth and sth - ppl lost nearly 1/5 of population= 85% of pop had to be resettled -
Lyndon B Johnson president
president in 1963 after kndy assinated -
nuke countries
fr, ussr, usa, gbr,
kndy wanted it to remain this way -
washingtn-moscw hot line
in june 1963
direct comm line set up, unprecdntd act of time, befor ethey had to go through nb of exchngs b4 two can convrse.
was more symbolic, was not used untill lyndon b jhns- tellin sovs he was consdrng sendng trps to israel. available 24/7 -
kndy report
done by nsc-net evaluation subcomittee, did an account of what would have hppnd if nuke war, neither ussr nor usa could emerge from war without severe damage and high casualties.
there would be 93 million causalties in case of war.
report acknwld ussr aware of conseq -
moscow test ban treaty aug 1963
aug 1963
initally prpsd by sovs in 1950s, krschv and kndy negotns yrs ltr.
agrd on ways in which nuke test would occur, not in sea, not in space and not in atmosphere- didnt include underground so it could just be mistaken for an earthquake.
ussr, usa, uk sign -
kndy assntd 22 nov 1963
by lee oswald, who was then assntd 2 days later -
sino ask sov for siberian territories back
deepn the divide between the two countries -
gulf of tonkin resolution 1964
usa army vessel was alledgedly attcked by torpedos by nrth viet. so gulf of tnkn passed where johnson could respond with any measure he saw fit without even having to consult congress. -
OPLAN 34A
implmtd by Lydn B jhns
furthr push and punsih viet -
prsdnt lyd b jhns policies for 1964 elect
not americns war, continue counterinsurg
incrs troops 16,300 to 23,300
quick victry -
watergate scandal
nixon prvd rto have bugged offcs of democr party and so was forced to resign in aug 1964 -
Period: to
china aid for nrth viet
dec 1964- 80,000 guns gvn
1969-140,000 -
malinovsky incident
a soviet defense minister said to a chinese
delegate that china should get rid of mao like ussr got rid of krchsv. -
ussr propse meet china and viet
1965, dvlp cllctv response to usa escal of war- china resist, meetng nvr took place.
mao want nrth viet to be dpnd on china
ussr propse to establ military base in sth china brd- protct sino-viet brd against usa- seen as ussr agrs and expansion- ussr a threat to china.
wantd to station 12 MIG-21 fghtrs -
1st usa troops in vietnam 1965
first troops came in march 1965
by July 1965 there were already 75,000 -
pleiku attacks 1965
when nrth viet attack army baracks and us helicopter base.
jhns rspnd oper rllng thunder -
danang 1965 us troops arrive
in march (danang is on the coast of the south china sea of vietnam)
north give 4 point plan- us trps out viet
no sth no nrth to make alliance while dvd
pcfl unif done by nth and sth
sth affairs stld by sth
jhns rjct fear untd undr com state -
operation rolling thunder 1965
bmbings from 1965 to 1968 was as a response to the pleiku attcks,
mrkd americanisation of war
b-52 bmbs
671 mill tons supplies arrive sth viet each mnth -
Ia drang valley nov 1965
nrth and sth battle/ engagmnt-
Ia drang valley central highlnd
usa 200 dead, nrth 2000-3000 win for bth
nrth kep pos
usa-high enem dth -
john hopkin uni baltimore
ny times- about johnson speech 7 april 65,
hopkin said ' a policy usa proud of' -
jhns public announc incrs mltry involv in viet
28 july 1965
sent 2 batallions, air sqdrns, 20,000 trps -
cultural revolution 1966
was a revltn by mao- wantng to return to the prncpls of his initial revol- idntfy ideal deviants.
red guar 9-18 yr olds who led rev. attack anythng west or captlstc.
burnd sov embassy down -
ussr troops mongolia and kazakhstan
in feb 1967- hostility
brezhnv in speech- buildn g up defnc on eastern frontiers limits danger of confrontation. -
Period: to
nguyen van thieu ldr of sth viet
overthrew diem
from 1967-1975 -
usa actve try talk wiith china
after sino-sov relat deteriorate, usa realise can benef tremendsly from sino-us relat- start trying in 1968 -
paris peace tlks
prbls of who reprsnt at tble, would nrth viet get a say
may 1968 strt- oct theres stalemate
jhns hve to stp full bmb of viet, reluctant thought nth not fully commitd to this. -
action programme 1968
bsc freedom of movmnt, speech
recogn israel, open trvl to west.
econ needs made on consumer demand not gov trgts.
comm major prty but allow KAN- non commtd party mbs. & club k231 made for former political prisonrs. -
Czechoslovakia crisis 1968
czeckslv prosprty until 1963- ngtv grwth rcrd
made them re-thing relat with sov and comm -
prague spring 1968
party ldr removed and rplcd with dubcek who was more reformist.( not what ussr intended)
wantd new start to socialism.
eliminatd press censorshp- crtq by kadar hung and honnckr east ger, sprd to their countries -fears. -
brezhnv doctrine 1968
gave speech to pol party congr nov 1968
countires have the right to reforms but not to change comm in country or to thrtn socialism in other country,
specifc of what deviating from comm leads to -
nuke non-prolif treaty july 1968
kndy stp nukes but continue slbs and icbs and strngthn defense
abms- change game, can intercept and make nukes not effectv
ussr reluctant to involv abms in negotiations
usa devlp mirvs, abms no longer effctv, sovs came to table. treaty state not give nukes to no nuke countires, nor give info on how to dvlp these. nor seek such tech
most countries in UN became signatories.
fr and china not sign formally unitll 1990 but hintedd in 1968 that they would abide by these rules -
warsaw letter july 1968
sent from mbs of warsaw pact tllng czeckslv theyre worriec about reforms and what it means for the grt comm sphere and world., could lead to socialist divide and so will not be tolerated. -
Period: to
ARVN size increase
from 82,000 soldiers in 1968 to 1 million in 1970 -
tet offnsv
30 jan 1968, showd us weakness and might of nrth
ultimate loss fron nrth- not as much sprt from south as they thought. 25,000 vietcng killed, 5000 captrd
walter cronkite-war correspndt- podcst tet shw us defeat,
usa 550,000 frnd troops= mltry escal- shws failure
westmorleland-army genrl- put enem on dfnsv. -
sino-us relat 1st step july 1969
usa- artichocke approach- gradual peeling of off restrictions
usa remove trade contrl and trvl restr
nb of diplomtc contacts thrgh fr, rom, pkn -
beijing talks
sep 1969, talks beijing reassure non side want war. mao still insecure. -
nixon in office 1969 jan
'peace with honour' us credibilty as glbl pwr
vietnamstn of war -
another chinese ambush
aug 1969- and incident, westrn frontier
xinjiang -
Period: to
removal of us forces
june 1969 543,000
jan 1972 156,800
june 1972 47,000
shows vietnamisation of war -
sov border patrol attckd by china
china took on actv defence- sov agrsn, attck first as a mthd of deterence.
2 march 1969
sov patrol near zhenabo islands -
widespread student protest may 1970
1970 may against deeper involvement in sth east asia war
campus of kent state uni of ohio, 4 students shot by us national guard -
withdrawl of usa troops 1970
150,000 usa troops withdrawn in 1970 -
operation menu
under nixon, was when he invaded cambodia.
hope to pressure nthviet to accp peace.
cut of ho chi minh trails
430,000 tons of bmbs dropped on cambodia, small country of 7.5 mill ppl, army rose 175,000 ppl- no match for khmer rouge. -
communism in cambod
prince sihanouk-overthrown by pro us general lon nol in 1970 and the khmer rouge, cambod comm prty gain support.
usa cross border raids and 20,000 grnd troops to stop this -
sino-usa relat etbl in warsaw
sov- recogn ussr real thrt, PM zhou enlai msv vict against tho agnst sino-usa relat -
Operation Lam son 719 =feb 1971
launched in LAOS, allwd usa give air spprt to arvn troops who invaded laos.- us, bnd by congrss from sendng troops fllwng cambod incursion.
only 30,000 arvn trps attkd and then qckly wthdrw.
genrl thieu said that once 3000 casualties rchd to retreat so they only ever go halfway -
gulf of tonkin resolution revoked
revked by senate
stp nixon's unlmtd pwr when it came to viet war -
bombing continued in viet 1972
150,000 tons of bmbs dropped may-oct 1972 -
nrth viet spring offensive
was against south- arvn did well got 8,000 casualties,5x less than north. -
operation linebacker I
150,000 tons of bombs drpd on nrth viet abd bmb nrth troops who were in sth
1972? -
ksngr 'peace is at hand'
31 oct 1972 -
paris peace talk agrmnts 1973
1972 clear to usa that viet objcts couldnt be fulfld through military.
sth prsdnt nguyen van thieu determn keep US forces in country- rjctd all proposals if nor gurantee long term non-comm future for sth viet
oct agrmnst rchd- sth not presnt at table
ceasfire start 1973 jan
60 days usa withdraw all troops
free elect- event unify viet as one single state -
usa support viet economic
gave $1bill
gave them to be 4th largest army in wrld -
usa troops out viet
by 1973 march
left military adivsors and -
pop of vietnam
45mill -
viet invd cambodia
khmer rouge attack viet- cmbd border over frontier disputes
25 dec 1978 -
fr continue nuke testinginto 90s
-
china nuke tstng until 1996