-
russia withdrawl ww1 1917
1917 bolshevik rev
had at home war, red vs whites
red being commies- whites were helped by usa, gbr and france who sent troops but were also still fghtng in ww1
'white paper' -
ussr formed 1922
became a pariah state- shunned by the rest of the world -
ford car factory in ussr 1929
-
stalin cult of personality
takes after lennin- who takes marxism and makes it from a theory into practice.
'cult of personality'- stalin makes himself as the interpreter of communism.
21 dec 1929 starting point- his 50th bday -
diplomatic relations 1933
william bullet and john kennet first diplomats sent to ussr.
high hopes quickly disheartened saw stalins brutal surges. killed all they worked with -
molotov- ribbentrop pact
non aggrs- between ussr and germ.
ussr- buying more time- ends 1941 with operation barbarosa -
ussr invade finland
dec 1939, hard for usa and gbr who offer military support,
ussr occupy lithuan, latv, estonia by summer -
poland invaded 1939
by ger- gbr and fr declare war= ww2 begins -
poland gov exile to lond 1939
replaced by lublin commitee when stalin had control/ liberated east eu- easier for him to control
didn't help pols immediately- summer 1944, ensure ss kill all army and no-commies -
operation barbarosa jun 1941
germn invade ussr jun1941, when marriage of convnce forms
usa and gbr provided and form alliance over night, give planes
usa- lend lease offer aid
brit 15% planes fight in moscow were gbr planes -
pearl harbour bombed
dec 1941, jpn bomb pearl harbour, usa join the war -
invsn plan
stalin wanted second front, relieve pressure on ussr
roosevelt prom by 1942- fail, not enough weapons or manpwr
stalin said west afraid of germans
churchill said 2nd front to open, west afr nov 1942 -
9/10 casualties on ger done by red army
wehrmacht 191 divisions on west front 1943
only 7 in west africa
9/10 casualties done to a german was by red army. -
tehran conference
3 met- ussr, usa, gbr
west assure stalin, west invasion of fr due by may 1944
stalin launch invasion east to coincide with this attack -
italy liber
by allies- land in Sicily, july 1943
german troops seize cap, allies march on rome
stalin wanted to be involvd, allies said no
stalin unfair that commies not involv, so told palmiro togilatti- ldr of itln comm party to make coalition with socialist party. -
churchill worries on ussr
had worries which he adressed with his foreing secret- anthony eden, force and facts are only realities for sovs/ commies.
ussr threat to brit imperialism so usa and gbr to make alliance to stop this threat. -
ACCs
allied control comissions
provisional govs in countries- dominated by liberator. -
fr libera
by allies
charles de gaulle leader of free france
made pact with ussr dec 1944- france soviet trty of alliance and mutual assistance
commies played huge part in resistance against ger
maurice- ldr of commies -
percentages agreement oct 1944
made between stalin and churchill in secret on scrap paper. percentage each gets of country, influence
e.g. 10% greece ussr, 90% gbr
romania- ussr hands -
IMF
international monetary fund
provides economic stability, exchange rate stability
finacl asstnc
44 countires in the aftermath of the great depressn
bretton woods -
world bank
prvds finacl and techncl assstnce to dvlpng countries for dvlpmnt prgrms
bretton woods - help rebuild eu and jpn after ww2 -
stalin spy network
was more alert and had upper hand in yalta- he had info on uk- cambridge 5 and usa- alger hiss (commie spy)- made it into american delegation
already knew about a-bomb b4 they announced it. -
poland liberated
by ussr- crossed east frontier jan 1944
annexed territory and moved pol borders east west of oder neisse border
instal lublin committee- commies -
Yugoslavia liber
by ussr- had TITO and his commies before, very good at fghtng gers, brits gave them weapons.
partisan troops -
czechslovakia liber
by ussr
felt betrayed by gbr and fr munich accords- let ger invade 1938
edward benes former presdnt in exile in london negot with stalin- placed commie in charge, but benes president.
commies 8 seats in cabinet- quite influential -
greece liber
by west
elas- partisan group- ppls liberat grp
tito and stalin want to set up gov like yugoslav
stalin stopped titio- bcuz of percentages agrmnt. -
romania liberated
by ussr- king tried to negotiate, if second front to open in balkans- it didnt
russia annex bassarabia and north bukovina. -
findland liber
had to declare war on gers
strng to give reperations
commies vry weak , only one in cabinet -
bulgaria liber
by usse- sept 1944
acc = allied control commissions 28 oct
local commies gain pwr and success, comm revolt, execut 10,000 former ruling class, larg frms taken by peasants -
the morgenthau plan
by usa treasury secretary- henry morenthau
suggstd post surrend plan for ger
austria return pre 1940 borders
ger demilit and deindustr
ruhr- strpd of mine and pop to redistribu
no repert to be paid- instd taken in shape of resources -
grand alliance- anti ussr molotov
grand alliance anti-ussr- foreign minister, vyachestov molotov -
ernest beven- atlee foreign secrtr
-
assistant secre Dean G Acheson july 1945
eu international problem- threat to stability based on democ and capitalsm
july 1945 -
usa-gbr wants yalta feb 1945
collctv security (UNfounded)
long term co-op ussr
germny reconstruc
world reconstruct IMF and world bank -
YALTA Conference feb 1945
grand alliance- met in yalt- russian resort in crimea
marriage of convenience, usa, ussr, gbr,
4-11 feb- high point of allie co-op
churchill, roosevelt, stalin
agree split ger= 4 zones
ussr gain land, poland, move border north, west of oder, neisse border -
ussr want from yalta feb 1945
stalin want ussr to control own destiny
co-op with anglo-usa
germ to remain weak
ussr- econom reconstruc
ussr security- through comm spheres -
ww2 sov deaths
25 mill people died, stalin felt he needed reperations, and major destruct of towns and cities. -
ussr reperations
to receive 10% for nothing, 15% in exchange for supply of food and materials- got the poorest part of ger, $20 bn total -
Hungary liber
by ussr, red army crossed frontier sep 1944
elections in 1945 - comm party only 17% votes despite presence of red army.
3 key posts in gov
stalin remove anything that can be reperations- sceptical wthr they should be in sov sphere of influence -
the provisional gov of national unity
poland showed sign planning of stalin
gov exist in exile in lond
made a joined gov- lublin committee
formed gov of nat unity- allowed to test - used parties from both political spectrum
peasant party led by STANISLAW MIKOLAJCZYK
commies wknd them by from link ussr
not all pols coms- pro sov- pol deputy pm- pol should be incharge own future, fough for own indep- ussr rid of him 'nationalist deviation' -
brit zone 22.5 mill ppl
large pop/ difficult to feed- including ruhr- important -
usa dvlpm a-bomb
16 july 1945- test in Almogordo new-mexico -
Period: to
Potsdam
17 july- 1 aug
atlee, truman, stalin
co-op broke
truman didn't want to baby sovts
war against jpn continue- usa dvlp a-bomb day before meeting.
no longer term plams for ger
ger- 5ds, demilitr, denazif, democrat, decentral,deindustr
ussr recieve repert from its zone and 25% from west- got poorest part of ger. -
UN Founded 24 oct 1945
in san francisco california, usa
after 29 nations had ratified the charter -
molotov= usa imperialistic power
abandoned liberated eu at yalta.
regard eachother as threat to security
us foreign policy dependent on econom dominance -
czech commies elect may 1946
relatively free, won 38% votes
ww2 left country in economic chaos and mass unemployemnt
comm better prospect than captls
peasants- large nbs, met their needs. -
germ pop increase to 43.6 mill
compared with the 39.3, mill in may 1939
worst prob was housing- by 1943- .5 mill housing units out of the 16 mill were in the area that was to become 3 western zones.
by 1945 , 2.3 mill had been completely destroyed. -
NIkolai Nokivov sep 1946
usa econ imperialism- expansionist, plan make states depend
ussr foreign minister sep 1946 -
OGMUS
lucius clay- office of military gof for us
eisenhower first commander and lucius clay is deputy.
ensure political initiatives were implemented
remove nazis, monitor appointmnt of officials.
dismantld 1949 -
The long telegram 22 feb 1946
george kennan officer us in moscow embsy
fall of ussr-usa inevitble
stln demonise west- villan instd of jpn and ger-ppl minds
ussr saw west as hostile and aggrsv
usa take proactive role in eu
ready to use force and ensure unity of allies -
iron curtain speech 6 march 1946
by churchill- drct attack on sovs
stalin= churchill is war mongoering
speech in fulton missori- usa -
Cominform sep 1947
commie information bureau- comm counties and heads of parties- give information to ussr
made zhdanov doctrine -
paris peace conf july 1947
where they were offered the marshall plan- establish new world order after ww2 fully done,
sept establish cominform, east eu govs who wantd marshall aid told by stalin no- reverse decision
need tighten grip on eu -
adrei zhandov usa objct nov 1947
create western bloc with ger centre as american protectorate -
Zhandov doctrine
viewed world as two camps- imperialist usa and democrat ussr. -
william clayton econ view of eu may 1947
many starving and stuggling, reinforced dean g acheson view- assistant secretary of usa
without us aid- eu disintegrates on regional scale
may 1947 -
Bulgaria commie
manipul elect, frrcd removl opponts, comm opposed agrarian party, nikol petrov won 20% votes
but executd- party absorbed by commie
april 1947 all political parties banned -
X article
systematic and focused containment of ussr expans
george kennan- ussr agrsv policies
resonated with truman -
prague-czechslv marshall plan
stalin summoned him at 11pm to go kremlin- if by 4am he doesnt decide not go to paris peace conf and rjct marshall plan= serious consequences -
french com party 1.7mill 1947
econ crisis= rise in support -
bizonia jan 1947
merged usa and gbr zones -
truman doctrine 12 march 1947
international relations- 1947
institutionalised suspicion for 25 yrs
intro for greece but not only..
made countries depend on usa
demonise ussr
turn usa superpower
help containment
march 12 1947 -
Marshall plan june 1947
by william clayton- us eccon affair guy
5 june 1947, marshall unveiled plan. erp european recovery program
next 5yrs marshall plan gives $13.5 bill to 16 eu countries. not only money but goods.
condition on aid- some had to be spent on us goods
had to share info with usa
promoted ue unity and usa econ
20% loans
80% grants -
ussr buffer zone complete?
by 1948 managed to make buffer zone through satellites -
yugoslav kicked out comecon
tito- partisan grp fought for independ, commies but didnt want to be sov puppets
stalin-josep broz tito, trouble, stalin want intro foreign and econ policies.
jun 1948 -
london conference
june 1948- intro of deutchsmark aswell in west germ
ger should have own constituen assmbly -
NATO created april 1949
april 1949 -
Alexander Panyushk on NATO
soviet ambassador to us- nato huge threat and agrssv organis, threaten states and bully into compliance -
NSC-68 1950
Militarised cold war- in nuke arsenal but also in conventional forces
to match the threat of Sov union
strengthen the allies- NATO -
stalin death march 1953
krschv - eventually in power but power vacuum between beria- head of army , krschv and some other men, bulgarin -
european coal and steel community 1957
-
berlin blockade
june 1948-may 1949
all railraods and roads into west berlin- cutoff
stalin triggered due to new currency introduced.
underestimated usa's determ to remain in eu and ger
supplied coal and food to ppl
built a new airport