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Period: to
Corruption and Mismanagement (Internal F)
- heavy taxes, inflation, greedy local officials
- potential rents expanded with the country's increase in land/labor endowments
- resulted in significant growth in officials' rent-seeking income (even when per capita output stagnated)
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Period: to
Opium Wars I (Internal F)
- between China and Britain
- triggered by Chinese government's campaign to enforce its prohibition of opium
- included destroying opium stocks owned by British merchants
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Period: to
Spheres of Influence (External F)
- the eight nations in Qing China's spheres were designated primarily for trade purposes
- resulted in special trade privileges like low tariffs and free trade being granted
- privileges granted to: Great Britain, France, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Germany, Italy, Russia, the United States, and Japan
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Period: to
Opium Wars II (Internal F)
- fought by Britain and France against China
- also known as Arrow War or Anglo-French War in China
- in the end, each foreign power gained commercial/legal and territorial privileges and left Qing Dynasty seriously weakened
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Hundred Days' Reform (Internal R)
- failed 103-day national, cultural, political, and educational reform movement
- an attempt to modernize China by reforming its government, economy, and society
- launched by the young Guagxu Emporer and his followers
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Open Door Policy (External F)
- called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China
- plus the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity
- increased Chinese backlash against foreigners, leading to rise in anti-foreign and anti-colonial sentiment in China
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Constitutional Monarchy Movement (Internal R)
- November 3rd, 1911, the Qing Dynasty issued the constitutional Ninteen Creeds
- this limited the power of the emporer and marked the official transition to a constitutional monarchy
- monarchy was abolished after 3 months