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Birth
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Period: to
Sensorimotor Stage
Experiencing things with world through senses and actions
(looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grapsing). -
Raise head to 45 degrees
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Roll over
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Sit with support
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Sit without support
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Pull self to standing position
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Walk holding on to furniture
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Creep
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Stand alone
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Walk
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Period: to
Trust vs. Mistrust
The infant must form a first loving, trusting relationship with the caregiver, or develop a sense of mistrust. -
Temperament Styles
Easy - adjust easily to new situations, quickly establish routines, are generally cheerful and easy to calm (cheerful, relaxed, predictable).
Difficult - slow to adjust to new experiences, likely to react negatively and intensely to stimuli and events (irritable, intense, unpredictable).
Slow-to-warm-up - difficult at first but become easier
over time, tend to resist or withdraw from new people and situations. -
Period: to
Preoperational Stage
Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning (pretend play, egocentrism). -
Period: to
Autonomy vs. Shame
The child's energies are directed toward the development of physical skills, including walking, grasping, and rectal sphincter control. The child learns control but may develop shame and doubt if not handled well. -
Secure Attachment
classified by children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves and do something knowing that their caregiver will return. Children with secure attachment feel protected by their caregivers, and they know that they can depend on them to return. -
Period: to
Initiative vs. Guilt
The child continues to become more assertive and to take more initiative, but may be too forceful, leading to guilt feelings. -
Insecure Attachment
avoid or ignore the caregive, showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there -
Period: to
Industry vs. Inferiority
The child must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority, failure, and incompetence. -
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Concrete Operational Stage
Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations (conservation, mathematical transformations). -
Preconventionl Morality
They obey rules either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rwards. -
First Menarche
considered the central event of female puberty, as it signals the possibility of fertility. All adult women recall it and remember experiencing a mixture of feeling - pride, excitement, embarrassment, and apprehension. -
Period: to
Formal Operational Stage
Abstract reasoning (abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning). -
Period: to
Identity vs. Role Confusion
The teenager must achieve a sense of identity in occupation, sex roles, politics, and religion. -
Physical changes that occur during puberty
Puberty follow a surge of hormones, which may intensify moods and which trigger a two-year period of rapid physical development. Primary sex characteristics - the reproductive organs and external genitalia. Secondary sex characteristics - the nonreproductive traits such as breats and hips in girls. -
First Spermarche
the first events in the life of a male leading to sexual maturity. It occurs at the time when the secondary sexual characteristics are just beginning to develop. Usually occurs as a nocturnal emission. -
Conventional Morality
Morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and scoial rules, simply because they are the laws and rules -
Period: to
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults struggle to from close relationships and to gain the capacity fro intimate love, or they feel socially isolated -
Postconventional Morality
Actions are judged right because they flow from people's rights or from self-defined, basic ethical principles. -
First child
average age of having first child in U.S. is 25.2 years old. -
Age of marriage
Men - 29.8 years old
Women - 26.9 years old -
Physical changes that occur during Early/ Middle adulthood
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output crest by the mid-twenties. Decline in fertility, sperm count, testosterone level, speed of erection, and ejaculation. -
Period: to
Generativity vs. Stagnation
People discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. -
Midlife Transition
Middle transition is a time in which adults take on new job responsibilities and therefore often feel a need to reassess where they are and make changes while they feel they still have time.
Men - 43
Women - 44 -
Cognitive changes
Intelligence, postformal thought, learn how to balance opposing views
Dementia disease - chronic or persistent disorder caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders.
Alzheimer’s disease - Loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons, acetylcholine.
Crystallized intelligence - our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
Fluid intelligence - our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. -
Menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruastion; also refers to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. Occurs in women around 50 years old. -
Period: to
Integrity vs. Despair
Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction. -
Physical changes that occur during Late adulthood and Sensory abilities
chromosome tips wear down, visual sharpness diminishes, distance persception and adaption to changes in light level are less acute. Muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina also diminshes. The eye's pupil shrinks and its lens becomes less transparent, reducing the amount of light reaching the retina. -
Life expectancy
Men - 76 years old
Women - 81 years old