-
1 CE
Theory of Mind
18 months - understand that experimenter may like broccoli more than crackers - experimenter has different desires to themself -
1 CE
Infants are Helpful
18 months - willing to help experimenter who has dropped something -
1 CE
Sympathy w/o Overt Emotional Cues
18 months - infants watched as an experimenter lost her balloon. Infants were more likely to help the experimenter if they had previously observed someone be mean to her (e.g. breaking her necklace or tearing up her painting). -
Period: 1 CE to 1 CE
Infants pass Rouge Test
-
Period: 1 CE to 2
Start Referring to the Self
mine! -
Period: 1 CE to 2
Needs fulfilment contributes to Empathy & Prosociality
1-2yo: Parents’ warm and sensitive responding to a child's needs has been established as a robust contributor to empathic concern and prosocial behaviour -
2
I'm a Boy or Girl
can refer to themselves as a boy or a girl -
2
Able to complete Manikin Puzzle
27 months - but they struggled with the trunk and often got the arms and legs confused. Children at all ages were good at placing faces, especially the eyes and mouths. -
2
Prosocial Responding
SYMPATHY starts off as physical comfort, becomes more verbal with age (verbal comfort & verbal advice) -
2
Personal Guilt increases Helpfulness
were more likely to try to repair the damage when the mishap was their fault. -
3
all Guilt increases Helpfulness
sometimes tried to repair the damage but they were no more likely to do so when it was their fault. -
3
Guilt as Motivator for Prosocial Behaviour
emerges at 3yo appears to be well established by middle childhood and has implications for moral behaviour for years to come. -
Period: 3 to 4
Start using Comparative Language
I am taller than... -
Period: 3 to 4
Tadpole stage
3-4: don't differentiate between heads & bodies, shown in infants drawings, good at drawing faces -
Period: 4 to 5
High Aggression Low Prosociality
Children high in overt and relational aggression were low in prosocial behaviour. Particularly aggressive students were often rejected by their peers & experienced more negative emotion. -
5
Reputation Management game
Sometimes the participant had the opportunity to help another child and sometimes the participant had the opportunity to steal from another child. What varied between conditions was whether another child was watching them or not.
More likely to help when they were being watched, more likely to steal when they were alone. -
9
Wanting to be Slimmer
9 years - Thompson et al interviews, almost all children reported wanting to be slimmer than they already were -
10
Morality of Cooperation
come to understand that intentions matter, that roles can be reversed and that moral conflicts can be resolved through negotiation and compromise.