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Period: 40,000 BCE to
Beginnings to Exploration
The spread of mankind throughout the world out of Africa, over the past two million years, is a form of exploration. So are the great tribal movements of historical times. But in these cases the motive is practical - to find better pastures, or seize somebody else's property. -
121 BCE
Rome
The European empire was conquered by the Roman Army. Then a Roman way of life was established in these conquered countries. The main countries conquered were England/Wales (then known as Britannia), Spain (Hispania), France (Gaul or Gallia), Greece (Achaea), the Middle East (Judea) and the North African coastal region. -
1347
The Black Death
The decrease in population caused by the plague increased the wages of peasants. As a result, those peasants who weren't sick began to enjoy a higher standard of living and greater freedom. -
1492
Columbian Exchange
Natives in the new world were relatively "disease-free". Before Europeans initiated the Columbian Exchange of germs and viruses, the peoples of the Americas suffered no smallpox, no measles, no chickenpox, no influenza, no typhus, no typhoid or parathyroid fever, no diphtheria, no cholera, no bubonic plague, no scarlet fever, no whooping cough, and no malaria.” -
1513
Reformation
Pope Leo X had became one of the most extravagant of all Popes, the pomp and extravagance of his court was an indirect cause of the Reformation because to acquire the enormous sums of money for renovation, he encouraged the sale of "Indulgences," which was a promise of relief from eternal penalties. Pope Leo X was also the Patron of the artist Raphael and granted King Henry VIII of England the title 'Defender of the Faith'. He was the last pope to look at the papacy as a temporal monarchy. -
1539
New Spain
Friar Marcos de Niza, reported to Spanish colonial officials in Mexico City that he’d seen the legendary city of Cibola. It was an electrifying statement Spanish explorers who were scouring the New World for Native American treasure had heard persistent tales of the fantastic wealth of the so-called Seven Cities of Cibola. The expedition turned out to be a ruinous misadventure for those involved including conquistador Francisco Vazquez de Coronado, who led it. -
English Colonization
Sir Walter Ralegh sent a second expedition to North America. The Area, which is now North Carolina was named Virginia in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. Commanded by Sir Richard Grenville, the fleet was made up of seven vessels: -
Roanoke
The Roanoke Island colony, the first English settlement in the New World, was founded by English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh in August 1585. The first Roanoke colonists did not fare well, suffering from dwindling food supplies and Indian attacks. By the time he finally returned in August 1590, everyone had vanished. -
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English Colonial Societies
British settlers colonized on the coast of north america. Colonial society in the North America colonies in the 18th century (1700's) was represented by a small wealthy social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization. The members of Colonial society had similar social status, roles, language, dress and norms of behavior. -
Virginia Tobacco
Tobacco was colonial Virginia's most successful cash crop. The tobacco that the first English settlers encountered in Virginia tasted dark and bitter to the English palate. John Rolfe who in 1612 obtained Spanish seeds, or Nicotiana tabacum, from the Orinoco River valley—seeds that, when planted in the relatively rich bottomland of the James River, produced a milder, yet still dark leaf that soon became the European standard. -
Plymoth Colonies
Squanto was one of the last of the Patuxet, a Native North American people living on the western coast of Cape Cod Bay. He acted as a translator, guide and advisor to them during the 20 months he lived with them. He showed them how to sow and fertilize native crops, a boon when it turned out that the crop from the seeds they brought largely failed, and introduced them to the fur trade. -
New France
King Louis XIV transformed the monarchy, ushered in a golden age of art and literature, presided over a dazzling royal court at Versailles, annexed key territories and established his country as the dominant European power. -
The Enlightenment
John Locke was an English philosopher of the Age of Reason and early Age of Enlightenment. His ideas had enormous influence on the development of Epistemology and Political Philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential early Enlightenment thinkers. He argued that all of our ideas are ultimately derived from experience, and the knowledge of which we are capable is therefore severely limited in its scope and certainty. -
Navigation Acts
The Purpose of the Navigation Acts was to encourage British shipping and allow Great Britain to retain the monopoly of British colonial trade for the benefit of British merchants. It ensured that the importation and exportation of goods from British Colonies were restricted to British ships which were under the control of British mariners. -
Carolina's Slaves
From the beginning of the existence of the Carolina colony, slavery was encouraged. Four of the eight Lords Proprietors of the colony were members of the slave trading company, the Royal African Company. The Lords Proprietors encouraged settlers to have slaves by promising that they would be given 20 acres of land for every black male slave and 10 acres for every black female slave brought to the colony within the first year. -
Act of Union
The Act of Union put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. By the two Acts, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland which at the time were separate states with separate legislatures, but with the same monarch were, in the words of the Treaty, "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain". -
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Colonial America to 1763
The history of European settlements from the start of colonization in the early 16th century until their incorporation into the United States of America. -
Slave Rebellion
Twenty-five slaves armed themselves with guns and clubs and set fire to houses on the northern edge of New York City. They killed the first nine whites who arrived on the scene and then were killed or captured by soldiers. In the aftermath, eighteen participants were executed in the most brutal manner,individuals were burned alive, broken on the wheel, and subjected to other tortures. -
Virtual Representation
Americans viewed their legislative branch as a guardian of liberty, while the executive branches was deemed tyrannical. For example, taxes on the importation of products like tea and spirits were imposed. Also Parliament required a duty to be paid on court documents and other legal documents, along with playing cards, pamphlets and books. The variety of taxes imposed led to American disdain for the British system of government. -
The Great Awakening
George Whitfield was a minister from Britain who toured the American colonies. An actor by training, he would shout the word of God, weep with sorrow, and tremble with passion as he delivered his sermons. Thousands of colonist would come out to hear him speak. He converted slaves and even a few Native Americans. -
Slave Culture
Slave traditions played a particularly important role in helping slaves survive the harsh life under slavery. Many slaves drew on African customs when they buried their dead. Conjurors adapted and blended African religious rites that made use of herbs and supernatural powers. Slaves also perpetuated a rich tradition of Central African parables, verbal games, and legends. Through folklore, slaves also sustained a sense of separate identity and conveyed valuable lessons to their children. -
Atlantic Slave Trade
The transatlantic slave trade connected the economies of three continents. It is estimated that between 25 to 30 million people, men, women and children, were deported from their homes and sold as slaves in the different slave trading systems. In the transatlantic slave trade alone the estimate of those deported is believed to be approximately 17 million. -
7 Years War
Fort Duquesne was considered strategically important for controlling the Ohio Country, both for settlement and for trade. The English merchant William Trent had established a highly successful trading post at the forks as early as the 1740's, to do business with a number of nearby Native American villages. Both the French and the British were interested to gain advantage in the area during the war. -
Colonial Economies
The geography and climate impacted the trade and economic activities of New England Colonies. Along the coast, the colonists made their living fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding. Farming was difficult in New England for crops like wheat because of the poor soil but corn, pumpkins, rye, squash and beans were planted. The Northern Colonies of New England concentrated in manufacture and focused on town life and industries such as ship building and the manufacture and export of rum. -
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The Revolutionary War
Tensions between the colonies and Britain grow. The American Revolutionary War, also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and her Thirteen Colonies, which declared independence as the United States of America -
Stamp Act
The stamp act was a tax that was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed. The money collected by the Stamp Act was to be used to help pay the costs of defending and protecting the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains. -
Townshend Act
Charles Townshend, Britain’s chancellor of the exchequer, imposed a series of new taxes designed to raise revenue because Great Britian was in financial distress from the 7 years war.. All imports of glass, lead, paint, and tea were to be taxed, new customs officials were to be sent to the colonies to collect, and courts of admiralty were created to prosecute violators and smugglers. These actions became known as the Townshend Acts, and they unleashed another wave of protest in the colonies. -
Boston Massacre
A squad of British soldiers were on their way to come support a sentry who was being pressed by a heckling, snowballing crowd, let loose a volley of shots. The Captain ordered his squad to fire and resulted in three people being killed immediately and two died later of their wounds; among the victims was Crispus Attucks, an African slave. The British officer in charge, Captain Thomas Preston, was arrested for manslaughter, along with eight of his men; all were later acquitted. -
Militias
The minutemen were an elite group of militiamen who met and trained hard in the sixteen months between the Boston Tea Party and the battles of Lexington and Concord. Many people, including members of the Continental Congress, have confused them with ordinary militiamen. The latter never approached the minutemen’s state of battle readiness. As a result the militia performed disastrously in the opening years of the Revolution. -
Boston Tea Party
On a cold December night, Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty got drunk and began talking about the tea act. They started talking about what they should do and came with the idea of throwing it in the ocean to show they don't like the tax. So they boarded three ships in the Boston harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard. This resulted in the passage of the punitive Coercive Acts in 1774 and pushed the two sides closer to war. -
Guerrilla warfare
The classy way British and Americans fought during the revolution was standing in a line and taking turns firing at each other while the opposing side stood there. Native Americans later taught the Americans about guerrilla warfare and that's when they started using it against the British. They would hide in the woods and when the British came by the Americans would have them surrounded and attack them by closing in on them. -
Battle of Lexington
On an early morning in April, some 700 British troops arrived in Lexington and came upon 77 militiamen gathered on the town green. The heavily outnumbered militiamen had just been ordered by their commander to disperse when a shot rang out. To this day, no one knows which side fired first. Several British volleys were subsequently unleashed before order could be restored. When the smoke cleared, eight militiamen lay dead and nine were wounded, while only one Redcoat was injured. -
Articles of Confederation
Under the Articles of Confederation, each state viewed its own sovereignty and power as paramount to the national good. This led to frequent arguments between the states. In addition, the states would not willingly give money to financially support the national government. Also the national government was powerless to enforce any acts that Congress passed. -
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The Constitution
the basic written set of principles and precedents of federal government in the US, which came into operation in 1789 and has since been modified by twenty-seven amendments. -
Treaty of Paris, 1783
The Treaty of Paris negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence. The Continental Congress named a five-member commission to negotiate a treaty,John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens. Laurens was captured by a British warship until the end of the war, and Jefferson did not leave the U.S in time to take part in the negotiations. So they were conducted by Adams, Franklin, and Jay. -
Shays' Rebellion
Shays’ Rebellion is a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. Although farmers took up arms in states from New Hampshire to South Carolina, the rebellion was most serious in Massachusetts, where bad harvests, economic depression, and high taxes threatened farmers with the loss of their farms. The protest were lead by Daniel Shays of Massachusetts, a former captain in the Continental army. -
Northwest Territories
The British kept forts and policies there that supported the Natives in the Northwest Territories. President George Washington directed the United States Army to halt the hostilities between the Natives and settlers and enforce U.S. sovereignty over the territory. -
Davy Crockett
Davy Crocket was a hunter and a story teller. He was a colonel for a militia but then became a state legislator in Tennessee. He was against many things President Andrew Jackson was for, so when he ran for Presidency he lost because people didn't like that about him. He was angry and left to Texas where he fought in the Texas Revolution and where he died in the Alamo. -
The Federalists
The Federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton, albeit secretly at first, were the first political party of the United States. They supported the Constitution, and attempted to convince the States to ratify the document. Hamilton, along with John Jay and James Madison, anonymously published a series of essays known as the Federalist Papers under the pseudonym "Publius." -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory. -
Executive Branch
The power of the Executive Branch is vested in the President of the United States, who also acts as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The President is responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws written by Congress and, to that end, appoints the heads of the federal agencies, including the Cabinet. The Vice President is also part of the Executive Branch, ready to assume the Presidency if anything happens to the President. -
Election of 1789
The election of 1789 was the first presidential election in the United States of America. The election took place following the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788. In this election, George Washington was elected for the first of his two terms as President of the United States, and John Adams became the first Vice President of the United States. -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights are the first 10 amendments Constitution. They were written by James Madison in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power. -
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The New Republic
The Declaration of Independence established the foundation for several key aspects of what would eventually become the Republican Form of Government guaranteed to every State by the Constitution for the United States of America -
American Virtue
As the colonies grew and evolved into networks of towns, cities, and states, the economy also evolved. There was a growing perception that the Latin-focused grammar school was too elitist and provided little of the practical education needed for an economy based on business and other vocations. Pressure was placed on the education system to provide a more practical education that would offer vocational and business skills to young men. -
Jay's Treaty
American representatives met with Great Britain to settle issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence. The treaty was unpopular with the American public but it did accomplish the goal of maintaining peace between the two nations and preserving U.S. neutrality. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was an uprising of farmers and distillers in western Pennsylvania in protest of a whiskey tax placed by the federal government. There was aggression towards tax collectors until the region finally exploded in a confrontation that had President Washington respond by sending troops to quell what some feared could become a full-blown revolution. But the whiskey tax and the rebellion built support for the Republicans, which overtook Washington’s Federalist Party for power -
Cotton Gin
The cotton gin was a big deal because it made picking seeds out of cotton easier for slaves. The inventor, Eli Whitney didn't make much money from the invention though. That's because there was a lot of patent-infringement issues back then. -
Pinckney's Treaty
In October, Spanish and American representatives met to make a treaty known as Pinckney's treaty. The treaty was an important diplomatic success for the United States. It resolved territorial disputes between the two countries and granted American ships the right to free navigation of the Mississippi River as well as duty-free transport through the port of New Orleans, then under Spanish control. -
The XYZ Affair
The XYZ Affair was an incident that occurred between the United States and France. In an attempt to avert war with Great Britain, the U.S. signed the Jay Treaty in 1795. One of the provisions of the treaty limited the ability of nations that were hostile to Great Britain to trade in U.S. ports. Great Britain and France were at war so France was considered a hostile nation. So, France retaliated by seizing American ships. -
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The Age of Jefferson
The election of 1800 is the start for Jefferson for the peaceful transition of government leadership from one political party to its opposition, showing that such a process could be accomplished without widespread confusion or violence. Throughout history, governments (kings, autocrats, emperors) had rarely been replaced, except by death and inherited succession, without bloodshed or war. This peaceful transition at the dawn of republican ideas ushered in a new century in appropriate style. -
The Judiciary Act
The Judiciary Act reduced the size of the Supreme Court from six justices to five and eliminated the justices' circuit duties. To replace the justices on circuit, the act created sixteen judgeships for six judicial circuits. Before this, the Justices had the responsibility of not only sitting on the Supreme Court, but working on various Federal courts set in in regions of the country. -
Louisiana Purchase
The United States purchased about 828 million square miles of territory from France, doubling the size of the young republic. It was known as Louisiana Territory and it stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. About 15 of the states were eventually created from the land deal, which is considered one of the most important achievements of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency. -
The Iron Plow
The Iron Plow was already a thing in other countries, an inventor in Scotland imported it to the U.S where Charles Newbold got a patent on it and started improving on the Plow that came from Scotland. Later on other inventors kept improving the previous model and getting it patented. This device was revolutionary because it made farming easier. -
Embargo Act
The Embargo Act was a law passed by the United State Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson. It didn't allow American ships to trade in any foreign ports. French warships soon began seizing American merchant ships and in 1807, Britain retaliated by prohibiting trade between neutral parties and France. The British also began seizing American ships and demanded that all American vessels had to check in at British ports before they could trade with any other nation. -
Improved Roads
In the 18th century turnpike roads were constructed. This was because there was an increasing need to transport goods produced during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The people who built the roads would finance their projects by collecting a fee from every traveller using one of its roads. The fee, or toll, was collected at each end of each section of the road. -
"Old Hickory'
Andrew Jackson was a military leader, but he didn't put himself above his men, instead he would do the same things his men did.He gave up his horses for the sick soldiers, and walked along side of his men-encouraging them when needed, and disciplining them when necessary. His determination combined with his willingness to suffer alongside his soldiers caused his men to come up with the nickname "Old Hickory." -
Fort McHenry
During the battle of Fort McHenry, Francis Key Scott saw that the American flag was still standing after the British navy bombarded the us. This inspired him to write the Star Spangled Banner. This song later became the National Anthem of the United States. -
Improved Roads
old roads became better maintained and new, turnpike roads were constructed. Turnpike trusts were set up by local businessmen, traders and other investors. To afford to make these new roads a trust was allowed to collect a fee from every traveller using one of its roads. The toll was collected at each end of each section of the road. In these places a gate and a toll-keeper's cottage were positioned. -
Spoils Systems
Andrew Jackson introduced the spoils system after winning the 1828 presidential election. In the spoils system, the president appoints civil servants to government jobs specifically because they are loyal to him and to his political party. To get a job in the government when the spoils system was in place you would have to have connections with people who are already in, but if you helped Jackson win you would already have a job secured. -
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The American Industrial Revolution
An early landmark moment in the Industrial Revolution came near the end of the eighteenth century, when Samuel Slater brought new manufacturing technologies from Britain to the United States. -
Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of new Orleans was a battle led by future president Andrew Jackson. The war had already ended with both sides signing a treaty but the news didn't get to Jackson in time so the battle began. The battle was one of the biggest and bloodiest of the whole war and it boosted Jackson into fame of his leadership that he uses when he runs for presidency. -
Oregon Trail
The Oregon trail was a long route from Independence, Missouri and ended in Oregon City, Oregon and it was around 2,000 miles. This route was used by hundreds of thousands of American pioneers so they brought their wagons packed with supplies to carry along this dangerous adventure. There were dangers included bad weather and accidents while trying to move their heavy wagons over the mountains. They took preserved foods such as hard tack, coffee, and bacon. -
The Panic of 1819
In 1819, the post-war of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment. All regions of the country were impacted and prosperity did not return until 1824. -
Adams-Onis Treaty
The Adams-Onis Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It increased the tensions between boundaries in territories owned by the two countries. -
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Cultural Changes
The industrial and economic developments of the Industrial Revolution brought significant social changes. Industrialization resulted in an increase in population and the phenomenon of urbanization, as a growing number of people moved to urban centers in search of employment. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a policy of opposing European colonialism. It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as "the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States." At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S. would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies or meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. -
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Jacksonian America
Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 -
Slums
Immigrants were moving to the Northeast in search for jobs, but the living conditions were not good so people would live in what is called "slums". People had to live in tight spaces with 8-9 people in a single room. Since people were crammed into such tight spaces, they would get sick easier. Medicine was not around these people much so it caused a lot of deaths in these slums. -
Nullification Crisis
The tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufactures to reduce foreign competition with American manufacturing. Southerners argued that the tariff enhanced the interests of the Northern manufacturing industry at their expense. But then John C. Calhoun, Jackson’s vice president, proposed the theory of nullification, which declared the tariff unconstitutional and therefore unenforceable. -
Free Black Communities
Philadelphia and its surrounding regions had one of the first free black communities, the towns were vibrant, dynamic, and influential. Free African Americans would rely on each other to confront white supremacy in Philadelphia and the region. At the same time, many free blacks looked outward and became leaders in the national fight against those same threats. -
Telegraph
The telegraph made the communication process much more quick between two distant places. The inventor, Samuel Morse created a code to make it easier to communicate via telegraph. He even named it after himself, morse code.Telegraph lines were being set up around the country and they even connected one with Great Britain for faster communication. -
Temperance Movement
The temperance movement was a movement churches were doing to get alcohol banned in the U.S. The movement's ranks were mostly filled by women who, with their children, had endured the effects of unbridled drinking by many of their husbands. In fact, alcohol was blamed for many of society's demerits, among them severe health problems, destitution and crime. -
New-York Female Reform Society
The New-York Moral Female Reform Society was founded in 1834, the third in a line of female societies in the city. The NYFMRS was based on the work of the "Magdalen Society" of that city, and founded in the early 1830s and connected to Rev. John Robert McDowell to suppress the lack of moral restraints of prostitution found in the city of New York. The reason for this society was to educate and warn others, especially young women, to avoid those who took part in licentious behavior. -
Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson was basically the face of transcendentalism. The whole movement got going because of his efforts. He was the son of a Unitarian minister who himself became ordained as a Unitarian minister, until he got disgruntled with Unitarianism. Emerson wanted us to be better in touch with our inner selves, God, and nature. He was also a founding member of the transcendentalism club. -
Texas Annexation
Texas had been part of Mexico, but in 1836 a group of settlers from the United States who lived in Mexican Texas declared independence. They called their new country the Republic of Texas, which was an independent country for nine years. Politics in the United States fractured over the issue of whether Texas should be admitted as a slave or free state. In the end, Texas was admitted to the United States a slave state. That’s when Texas became the 28th state of the U.S. -
The Alamo
During Texas’s war for independence from Mexico, a group of Texan soldiers occupied the Alamo. There was an army of thousands on their way to siege the fort led by Santa Anna. The Texan soldiers inside were commanded by James Bowie and William Travis and including the famed frontiersman Davy Crockett. They held out for 13 days before the Mexican invaders finally overpowered them. -
Battle of San Jacinto
While Texas was at war for independence from Mexico, the Texas militia that was under the command of Sam Houston. He launched a surprise attack against the forces of Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, near present-day Houston, Texas. The Mexicans were routed, and hundreds were taken prisoner, including Santa Anna. In exchange for his freedom, Santa Anna signed a treaty recognizing Texas’ independence. -
Panic of 1937
hurt the federal Second Bank of the United States by moving federal funds to smaller state banks. Jackson thought the Bank of the United States hurt ordinary citizens by exercising too much control over credit and economic opportunity, and he succeeded in shutting it down. But the state banks' reckless credit policies led to massive speculation in Western lands. So when Van Buren became president, the banks were in trouble and that started the Panic of 1837. -
Urban Parks
Urban parks were becoming popular since the success of Central Park in New York. It was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and his partners helped out. Olmsted believed that every major city should have an urban park that satisfies all the residents "nature" wants. He went on to making two more parks with connecting parks across New York. -
First Police Forces
The first police force was established in Boston, followed by New York. Before the police force was established, they had something similar to them and those men were reffered to as "The Watch" or "The Big Stick". The officers were full-time workers to the department and were even accountable to a central governmental authority. -
Trail of Tears
Andrew Jackson didn't like the Indians, so he decided to move them out at least. This was called the Indian removal policy, so the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first ever woman's rights convention held in the U.S. There were almost 200 women to show up. The convention was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton who were abolitionists that met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. It was just a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women. -
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Westward Expansion
Thomas Jefferson believed that the nation's future depended on its westward expansion. In 1803 the Louisiana Purchase took place, doubling the size of the country. By 1840 almost 7 million Americans had migrated westward in hopes of securing land and being prosperous. -
Asylums
In 1841 the first asylum was established by Dorothea Dix, a very cruel and crazy woman. She would take in all the mentally ill and even physically ill patients and put them in cages, cells, and even closets. She would have them chained, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience. Later on she would tour prisons to get ideas to improve on the following asylums she would establish. -
Mormon Migration
When the Mormon religion was starting up, people were starting to hate them and began burning Mormon farms and house. The Mormons were getting tired of this so to make peace with the angry citizens they decided to flee west and live alone and away from them. So, they traveled west and began living in areas like Oregon, California and Texas. Although the Salt Lake region of Utah was chosen as the Mormons' destination. -
Battle of Palo Alto
Before the United States formally declared war on Mexico, General Zachary Taylor defeated a Mexican force in the Battle of Palo Alto. The battle took place north of the Rio Grande River near present-day Brownsville, Texas. Because of this victory and other small victories from battles by Taylor, this made him a war hero. He was later on elected to be America’s 12th president. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War with the U.S winning. The war had begun almost two years earlier over a territorial dispute involving Texas. The treaty added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory, including the including the land that makes up present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. Mexico also gave up all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as America’s southern boundary. -
Gold Rush
It all started when James W. Marshall found gold on his piece of land at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma. The news of gold quickly spread around. It was the largest migration in American history since it brought about 300,000 people to California. At first, the gold could be picked up from the ground but later on it was recovered from the streams and rivers with the use of pans. Then they had to start mining for it and usually they had Chinese people place the dynamite since it was very risky. -
Underground Railroad
The underground railroad is not a train underground that takes slaves up north. It was a series of routes slaves were told to take to get up north to be free from their masters in the south. It was a very dangerous thing to do but people wanted freedom. There would be people up the routes willing to help the slaves by hiding them in their barns and even feeding them and packing them with more supplies for their journey ahead. -
The Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Acts were a pair of federal laws that allowed for the capture and return of runaway slaves within the United States. The first Fugitive Slave Act was enacted by Congress. Authorized local governments seized and returned escaped slaves to their owners and imposed penalties on anyone who aided in their flight. Widespread resistance led to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which added provisions regarding runaways and harsher punishments for their capture. -
Uncle Toms Cabin
Uncle tom’s cabin was a book written by a slave named Harriet Beecher Stowe. She wrote it to describe how bad slaves were treated in the south to try to get northerners to end slavery in the whole U.S. When northerners read the book, they were disgusted by reading how they were treated. So Mary Eastman from the south wrote Aunt Phyllis’s cabin to show northerners how slaves liked being slaves and how happy they were. -
Election of 1860
The election of 1860 was one of the most pivotal presidential elections in American history. It pitted Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln against Democratic nominee Senator Stephen Douglas, Southern Democratic Party nominee John Breckinridge. The main issue of the election was about slavery and states’ rights. Lincoln won and became the 16th President of the U.S during a national crisis that would tear states and families apart and test Lincoln’s leadership and resolve. -
Crittenden Compromise
The crittenden compromise included six proposed constitutional amendments and four proposed Congressional resolutions that John J.Crittenden hoped would appease Southern states and help the country avoid a civil war. The compromise would have guaranteed the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states by reestablishing the free-slave demarcation line drawn by the 1820 Missouri Compromise. But in the end The north including Abraham Lincoln rejected the compromise. -
Ulysses S. Grant
A United States Army general during the American Civil War and Commanding General at the conclusion of the war. He was elected as the 18th President of the United States in 1868, serving from 1869 to 1877. -
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civil war
The result of a long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter -
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter is most famous for being the site of the first shots of the Civil War. U.S. Major Robert Anderson occupied the unfinished fort following South Carolina’s secession from the Union, initiating a standoff with the state’s militia forces. When President Abraham Lincoln announced plans to resupply the fort, Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. After an exchange of artillery fire, Anderson and 86 soldiers surrendered the fort on April 13. -
emancipation proclamation civ
A presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. President Abraham Lincoln carefully framed the conflict as preservation of the Union rather than the abolition of slavery. Although he personally found the practice of slavery disgusting, he knew that neither Northerners or the residents of the border slave states would support abolition as a war aim. -
Gettysburg Address civ
President Abraham Lincoln was invited to deliver remarks, which later became known as the Gettysburg Address, at the official dedication ceremony for the National Cemetery of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, on the site of one of the bloodiest and most decisive battles of the Civil War. -
Election of 1864 civ
Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president. Lincoln ran under the National Union banner against his former top Civil War general, the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. ... The new political party was formed to accommodate the War Democrats. -
Architecture
The Late 19th Century Revival period was described as the Eclectic Movement in American architecture. The building designs of this era were intended to be more exact versions of earlier architectural styles. Later, elements of European inspired styles were combined and arranged to create new styles like the Gothic Revival, or Second Empire styles. In the Revival Period, there was a desire to create buildings that were more closely modeled after the original forms that inspired them. -
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reconstructions
The Union victory in the Civil War in 1865 may have given some 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the South during the Reconstruction period introduced a new set of significant challenges. -
abe lincoln death civ
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, in Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. -
The Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan went far to almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party’s Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks. -
Election of 1866 rec
The 1866 elections were a decisive event in the early Reconstruction era, in which President Andrew Johnson faced off against the Radical Republicans in a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the South. -
Horatio Seymour rec
The Compromise of 1876 ended the Reconstruction era. He supported the Union war effort during the Civil War but disliked President Abraham Lincoln's leadership. He won election to another term as governor in 1862 and continued to dislike many of Lincoln's policies. Several delegates at the 1864 Democratic National Convention hoped to nominate Seymour for president, but Seymour declined to seek the nomination. After the war, Seymour supported President Andrew Johnson's policies. -
panic of 1873 rec
The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries -
Whiskey Ring Scandal rec
President Ulysses S. Grant used both powers to fire and hire a special prosecutor in 1875, during the Whiskey Ring Scandal. Before the scandal was over, Grant also did something no sitting president had done before, or has done since: He voluntarily testified as a defense witness in a criminal trial. -
compromise of 1877 rec
The Compromise of 1877 ended the Reconstruction era. Southern Democrats’ promises to protect the rights of blacks were not kept, and the end of federal interference in southern affairs led to widespread -
Jim crow
In the early 1830s, the white actor Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy” Rice was propelled to stardom for performing minstrel routines as the fictional “Jim Crow,” mocking a clumsy, dimwitted black slave. ... As the show's popularity spread, “Jim Crow” became a widely used derogatory term for blacks. Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. -
Clara barton
Clarissa "Clara" Harlowe Barton was a pioneering nurse who founded the American Red Cross. She was a hospital nurse in the American Civil War, a teacher, and patent clerk. The American Red Cross was founded and Barton served as its first president.
