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Period: 1350 to
Beginnings of Exploration
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Nov 10, 1350
The Black Death
The Bubonic Plague gradually traveled its way from Central Asia to Europe by merchants through the trade routes. It was caused infected fleas that are carried by rats and it spread quickly. Overall, it killed one-third of Europe’s people, or twenty-five million people. In addition, many people they did not understand the biology of the disease, so they believed that the Black Death was a kind of divine punishment–retribution for sins against God. -
May 21, 1433
Aztec Human Sacrifice
The Aztecs believed to prevent any disaster they were obligated to kill the victims and offer the freshly harvested heart to the Gods. According to Aztec beliefs, the people did their part by sacrificing every 18 months (or one cycle), often the heart came from people who were not “of the sun”, and the Gods would avoid catastrophes for the people. This was from 1345-1521 CE -
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
This allowed for South America to be divided between Spain and Portugal. Pope Alexander VI signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which solved the conflict over lands newly discovered by Christopher Columbus. Not to mention, Spain got the better half of the deal because they got more land. -
Apr 21, 1509
Henry VIII
Henry VIII played an important role in the English Reformation. He created the Church of England after the Pope excommunicated Henry in 1533 over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Over decades there are power struggles power struggles between Catholics and Anglicans. -
May 2, 1519
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer and draftsman during the Renaissance period. His most recognizable works include the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and much more. For instance, the Mona Lisa is famous for drawing attention to her smile, Mona Lisa's smile changes depending on where you look. In conclusion, he is a popular man in the Renaissance, and his ideas and body of work have influenced countless artists. -
Feb 15, 1546
Break from Church - Martin Luther
Responsible for introducing the Protestant religion in the 16th century, Martin Luther questioned some of the basic tenets of Roman Catholicism. Reformed within the Church, Luther’s desire for people to feel closer to God led him to translate the Bible into the language of the people, radically changing the relationship between church leaders and their followers. In addition, the indulgences Pope Leo X assigned made him irritated. -
Roanoke
Also known as the "Lost Colony", this colony located in what is now North Carolina, is still a mystery for the disappearance of all colonists. The governor of Roanoke, John White comes back to his colony from his supply-trip to England to find it deserted. There was no sign of violence at all, everything was left where it was. The only thing found differently was “CROATOAN” carved into the fence. -
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English Colonial Societies
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John Smith
Captain John Smith was an English adventurer and soldier, and one of the founders of the Jamestown, Virginia. Jamestown was established and became the first permanent English settlement in North America. He was the colony's leader and also led hunting and exploration expeditions, and one of his journeys he was taken captive by the Powhatan Indians and sentenced to death. However, Pocahontas, the daughter of the Indian chief, disagreed and saved Smith's life. -
Tobacco
When John Smith had to return to England. The colony only had a ten weeks supply of food. He expected the Indians to continue trading with the settlers, however they did not. John Rolfe introduced tobacco, which overturned the whole colony and made the colony successful, instead of failure because of the location (not near water). -
Headright System
The Headright System created in Jamestown, Virginia, referred to a grant of land, usually 50 acres, granted to settlers who come to the 13 colonies. The system was used mainly in the Southern colonies, such as, Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Maryland. It quite effective by increasing the population in the British colonies. -
Sugar
Sugar was the main crop produced on plantations throughout the Caribbean. Most islands were covered with sugar cane and mills for refining it. Sugar was best grown on land that was near the coast where the soil was naturally yellow and fertile. In addition, sugar was grown in large quantities, so the plantation owners purchased slaves to provide the labour for this work. -
Quakers
Founded by George Fox, Quakerism arises out of a radical interpretation of Christianity that understands Christ as being a living reality in personal experience, not only in the Bible and Church tradition.Or simply, beliefs the presence of God exists in every person. Based on their interpretation of the Bible, Quakers were pacifists and refused to take legal oaths. -
Salem Witch Trials
A group of adolescent girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused several local women of witchcraft. The girls began having fits, including violent contortions and uncontrollable outbursts of screaming. Leading to cases accusing people who do not go to church regularly. One slave, Tituba confessed hoping they will likely save her instead of being hanged, all together 20 people were either hanged or crushed because of the girls accusations. -
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Colonial America to 1763
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Divisions of the Carolinas
As the very distinct colonies had very little relations together; for example north part of Carolina had the characteristics for building small tobacco farms. While the south part of Carolina was recognized for cotton farms. Additionally, numerous planters in the hundreds and slaves soon inhabited Carolina. As the two evolved separately and as their differing geographies, it called for a formal split emerged. In 1712, North Carolina and South Carolina became two distinct colonies. -
Steam Engine
Inventor Thomas Savery, patented a device that allowed for the use of steam to pump water. This also grew the idea that factories could locate anywhere. They no longer had to be near rivers. In the Industrial Revolution steam engine allowed was the impact it had on transportation. As they were used for moving freight and other materials, as well as passengers. -
Middle Passage
The demand for slaves increased exponentially in the 18th century. The Middle Passage was the trade of slaves from Africa and shipped to British North America. These slaves were packed tightly with horrible conditions that resulted of more than 10% of the slaves died on voyage. The voyage lasted usually 3 to 4 months, and the slaves were to be "conditioned" to physical labor in Central America before actually working in the fields. -
Georgia
Named for King George II, Georgia was introduced as a Penal Colony, which is where prisoners where put where they could be rehabilitated in a "pure" environment. Also a buffer colony and was based on enlightened ideals. Eventually, Georgia changes by the start of importing slaves, and Envisioned as a staging point for attack on Florida -
Upper South
The Upper South included Virginia and Chesapeake colonies. Here people focused on tobacco, which required less oversight. In these colonies people replaced the indentured servitude. Although, used slaves but they were divided in small groups, so the culture was harder to preserve. However, slaves were treated better rather than the south. -
The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a religious revival that swept through the British American colonies. As Church of England, became concerned that the people of New England were becoming far too concerned with worldly matters. This resulted many people scared into becoming religious and ordinary people were given a voice. In addition, Elite American universities founded, and this also fractured religious order. -
Triangular Trade
Trade across the Atlantic Ocean between England, America, and Africa. All traded goods benefited the other continents. Such as America provided England with raw materials like sugar, tobacco, and cotton. And to provide those goods slaves were needed, which Africa provided America with. In addition England provided Africa with manufactured goods, such as textiles, rum, etc. -
George Washington
George Washington was the lieutenant colonel of the Virginia militia, which successfully defeats a party of French and Indian scouts in southwest Pennsylvania as Virginia attempts to claim the territory for its own settlers. As the Virginia Ohio Valley was fought to be claimed by the French, but he struck first against the French and successfully ambushed the small group. -
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The Revolutionary War 1763 - 1783
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Treaty of Paris - 1763
This gave statement that the French and Indian War had ended. It was signed in Paris, Kingdom of France by Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain's victory over France and Spain. It stated that France was obligated to give up all its territories in North America. In addition, it effectively ended any foreign military threat to the British colonies there. -
Revenue Act/Sugar Act
Taxes were put in place because the economy was near bankruptcy which resulted in new revenues. Parliament passed a modified version of the Sugar and Molasses Act (1733), which was about to expire. This angered the colonists making them resist and voice their displeasure towards the tax. In addition, the colonists challenged through petition and the economy regulated by searching of private property without warrants. -
Nonimportation Movement
Was the boycott of British imports by American colonists. Colonists protested over the taxes placed on goods. Because of the boycott, substitutions needed to be made for the proscribed items. For instance, women making their own clothes. This also lead for colonists to boycott tea, which was provided by the Britain but was supplied by a heavy tax. -
Boston Massacre
Event occurred from the a crowd of Bostonians harassing British soldiers. The crowd threw rocks covered in snow, which set off the soldiers causing them to fire into the crowd. Five people were killed and 6 others were injured; cause Paul Revere to create a fictitious account. This was the first example of American propaganda and resulted into many colonists to be outraged. -
Guerrilla Warfare
This is a type of method of fighting in war by in which a small group of combatants use military tactics such as, ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military. Instead of standing in front of each other and firing till there is small number of the crowd. Used guerrilla warfare in the Battle of Concord against the British, which resulted a significant victory for colonists. -
Common Sense
Written by Thomas Paine; the main ideas of this pamphlet was that he argued for independence from England, and he attacks monarchy and instead mentions to have the creation of a democratic republic government. This was popular and cheap to attain and the caused the Americans colonial to changed their views on monarchy. -
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was appointed with 5 other men to write the Declaration of Independence, his task was to write the draft of the very important document. He wrote a statements of the colonists' right to rebel against the British government and establish their own based on the premise that all men are created equal and have the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Jefferson wrote the defining document of the American Revolution and the United States -
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The Constitution
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Articles of Confederation
This document's role was supposed to establish the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain. However, it was weak and lead to revolt against the U.S. government, which congress couldn't get anything done. Also, there was no central government authority and :George Washington puts down rebellion. -
American Virtue
Jefferson thought openly about the virtues Americans would need to improve in order to preserve and have the ideal experiment in republican self-government. Additionally, as they celebrated ideals of republicanism by involving everyday citizens, like being educated ones. Starting to be clear that education is the key in success. And teaching and giving an education to young people. -
Treaty of Paris – 1783
Ended the Revolutionary War, which granted fishing rights to United States off Newfoundland. Also, Establishes the northern border with British North America/Canada. Will restore loyalist properties and both the United States and British will have access to the Mississippi River. Which resulted the United States will receive frontier land to Mississippi River. Most importantly, it recognizes the United States as an independent and sovereign nation. -
Shay's Rebellion
Protesters began a 6 month rebellion by taking over the Court of Common Pleas; the goal was to prevent the trial and imprisonment of debt-ridden citizens.Named after Daniel Shay, who led the Revolutionary War veterans as it began to spread but the rebellion will be put down. Event occurred from post-war recession, which farms were seized and was unfavorable for everyone. The rebellion resulted of creating sense of urgency and the leaders on board with change -
Virginia Plan
Drafted by James Madison, the Virginia Plan proposed a strong central government composed of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It presented a two house legislature, such as the lower house and upper house and was population based representation. This showed strong government authority when given and usually for populated states. This document abandoned the AOC. -
New Jersey Plan
This document emphasized that there was one option as to how the U.S. would be governed. It called for each state to have one vote in Congress instead of the number of votes being based on population. Also, the document was directed towards the small states, which stated a single legislature and that was the legislature supreme law of land. It was modified version of A.O.C Although it had a less powerful Judiciary. -
Slavery
This caused controversy since the south had more of a population since slavery was the reason for such a large population. Although the Northern States were anti-slavery, Southern States were pro-slavery for divide representatives, as well as presidential electors and taxes. To solve this conflict the three-fifth compromise solved this conflict as, delegates that all slaves of a particular state are to be counted as three-fifths of a white person. -
Northwest Ordinance
As the US expanded after the Revolutionary War, the Northwest Ordinance helped organize the new territories and set up the steps each territory needed to take in order to become a state. Included, Congress voted to send the Constitution to the legislature of each state, where they would approve or reject it; also they selected a governor and other officers under this document. In addition, it protected civil liberties and rejected slavery in the new territories. -
Election of 1788
The first election of history, and George Washington was everyone's choice and was a god-like figure to everyone. Because Washington served as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolution he was liked from everyone. John Adam was Vice President since the job was given to the person who came in second place and also there was no running mates. -
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New Republic
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Democrat-Republicans
The Democrat-Republicans favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution to restrict the powers of the federal government and emphasizing states' rights. Also, they claimed that the government did not have the right to adopt additional powers to fulfill its duties under the Constitution. Opposing the Federalists they believed in a strict interpretation and also supported the Bill of Rights. People who were Republicans were Jefferson and Madison. -
Federalists
Federalists were the group of people who supported a strong central government. In a federalist government, the power is divided between the national government. This means the power is divided between our federal government and our state and local governments. In addition, the Federalists felt that the Constitution was open for interpretation. Also, they believed a living document changes with time, and had a loose interpretation -
Bill of Rights
This document made of ten amendments guaranteed individual rights and liberties. James Madison was the author and proposed of this document and he initially argued that the Constitution itself sufficiently restricted the federal government. In addition, Anti-Federalists supported this document because individual rights were very vital, instead of just supporting the Constitution is strong enough like the Federalists. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was was a tax protest made by Hamilton, during President George Washington term, in the United States beginning in 1791. Over the tax on farmers who make whiskey, which made them revolt, since whiskey economically important and earns large profits. Roughly, six thousand Pennsylvania & Kentucky farmers threaten to attack Pittsburgh. Although, Washington leads army and this was the first major domestic test. -
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney, it revolutionized the South. It easily removed seeds from cotton, resulting in faster production of finished cotton. It transformed the agriculture of cotton, and making the production explode of the demand for it. As slavery was on a downfall, the cotton gin was now making a comeback as the demand for labor to pick the cotton was on a rise. -
Pinckney's Treaty
Document that agreed that between Spain and the U.S. by which Spain recognized the 31st parallel as the southern boundary of the U.S. and permitted navigation of the Mississippi. Overall, this treaty ended the dispute between the two countries over land settlement and access of the river. This helped the U.S. for favorable trade, and set boundaries with Florida. -
Washington's Farewell Address
Washington decided to resign from office after his second term. In the letter he states that 2 terms (or 8 years) was enough to be president. Also, he states that he would want to avoid conflicts for the U.S. In addition, he dedicates a large part of the letter to discussing foreign relations and the dangers of permanent alliances with foreign nations, which he viewed as foreign entanglements. This came from the issue in the French Revolutionary Wars between France and Britain. -
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The age of Jefferson
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The Louisiana Purchase
In 1803, Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from France which included about 530 million acres for $15 million. France was in need to sell this land, so they could go to war with Britain. As Jefferson hesitated because the purchase would be unconstitutional he could not pass up the great deal with France. This doubled the size of the United States and secure the Mississippi River -
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Lewis led the expedition of exploring the new territory with Clark, who is a map maker. Their expedition consisted of sailing up Missouri River in kneel boats. Also, they negotiated treaties with natives, informed traders, and settlers of U.S. acquisition. There they meet Sacagawea and she joins them, she helps mostly with language to communicate with other tribes. They ride on their boats to receive information for three years. -
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The American Industrial Revolution
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Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
The Adams-Onis Treaty also know as the Florida Purchase Treaty, demonstrated that Spain cedes Florida to the United States and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It proved vital to the nation's security, as the most important element of the treaty the boundary be extended to the Pacific. In addition, it recognizes U.S. claim to Louisiana. -
Panic of 1819
As listed one of the worst depression in U.S. History; as the post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended. As the economy went into a tailspin. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, and widespread unemployment. -
Mormons
Mormons believed in Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Founder Joseph Smith states he found golden tablets on his land and God has given only him the power to read the ancient language it was written in. This religion appealed to people who didn't do well in the new market economy, which included farmers and traders. -
Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe introduced the Monroe Doctrine was a policy of the United States of opposing European colonialism in The Americas. It recognized that the Spanish Empire was crumbling and the U.S. wanted influence over these new areas. In addition, the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. The whole concept was to declare to Europe no intervention in Latin America. -
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Age of Jackson
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Texas
Texas began with the Mexican federal Constitution of 1824, which, to some degree, was patterned after the United States Constitution. Mexico granted the land of Texas to Americans to become Mexicans in 1824. In order to settle to in Texas they had Mexican laws such as, they had to become Catholic, learn Spanish, get rid of their slaves. Yet, these Texians disobeyed Mexican laws, and outnumbered Hispanics. This land became widely popular that by the 1830s there was 30,000 settlers. -
Election of 1824
As there was four candidates: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford, and Henry Clay, yet there was no picked successor. As Jackson wins popular vote, but not electoral college, which lead Jackson to be angry and bitter. But Adams was chosen to be president and this lead to corrupt bargain from Jackson -
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Cultural Changes
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Temperance Movement
The Temperance Movement was put in place in effort to encourage moderation in the consumption of intoxicating liquors or press for complete abstinence. By encouraging the limiting the consumption of alcohol. Before Americans drank excessively, but the movement started to advocate the total absence of all alcohol and urged people to completely stop drinking. In addition, usually condoned by women. -
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. He was separated from his siblings, when his mother died and his father left. He began writing poetry at the age of 13, but was quickly discouraged by his Headmaster, which he preferred him to follow in the family business. His imaginative storytelling and tales of mystery and horror gave birth to the modern detective story. -
SteamBoat
The Steamboat was a deep-draft vessel propelled by steam engines that drove paddle wheels or propellers, used for transportation by water. Becoming widely popular during the Industrial Revolution carrying cargo and people. The boats transported cargo like raw materials and finished goods over long distances. Theses steamboats would travel through water-ways, such as rivers and oceans -
Election of 1828
Jackson tried a new strategy to become the president, by talking about his humble origins military career, and his democratic values. He promoted the strength of the presidency and executive branch at the expense of Congress, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government. His movement championed greater rights for the common man and was opposed to any signs of aristocracy in the nation. -
Spoils System
The Spoils System was the act for giving government jobs to those of the winning political party that participated in the campaign.The spoils system of Jackson opened government positions to many of his supporters, but this act was not seen neither as new nor as democratic as it appeared. This replaced bureaucracy with own supporters. -
Railroads
A method of transportation by train; they increased mobility and speed across the continent. As well as confining as they held the power of economic success or failing h over many communities. As they determined the pace of economic development of America in the 1800s. They transported raw materials and finished goods over land. The result was that factories flourished because of the demand for railroad parts and railroad tracks was very high, because of how successful they were. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nathanial Turner was born into slavery and preached for the slaves, and he states that God has assigned him to lead the revolt against slavery. In Virginia, him and a group of slaves move through house and kill ever white person encounter. This continues for 36 hours as Turner was captured by a farmer, there he was tried, hanged, and skinned. This lead to be the largest slave rebellion in American History, and resulted in slave codes. In addition, this was seen as heroic to the Northern States. -
Nullification Crisis
As the congress raises import taxes, which affected mostly the South for their agriculture to make textiles. As mentioned, South Carolina was affected and the state adopted the ordinance to nullify the tariff acts and label them unconstitutional. But to solve this conflict Henry Clay helped broker a compromise bill with the newly resigned vice president John Calhoun that slowly lowered tariffs over the next decade. -
Jackson's views
Jackson felt that the U.S. bank controlled the economy and favored the wealthy. His veto was heavily criticized and opposed by fellow running mate Henry Clay. During the election, Clay hoped Jackson vetoes and he does, but Jackson decides to make Bank Veto Speech. He explains why he vetoed and he laid out the vision he had for American democracy. Importantly he appealed to common man, and states that courts were authority on constitution, and because of this he wins the election. -
Election of 1832
Still part of the Democratic Party Andrew Jackson against Henry Clay who is part of the National Republicans and both were against William Wirt who was apart of the Anti-Masonic Party. As Wirt supported the wealthy people, Clay supported the National Bank and he supported a strong federal government in economic affairs, but Jackson did not. The main issue of the campaign was President Jackson’s veto of a bill to extend the charter of the U.S. Bank. -
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Santa Anna was elected president in Mexico in 1833, but declared himself as a dictator. He revolted against the disrespect of the U.S. settlers using Mexican land, and resulted him sending forces North. His rejection of Mexico's 1824 constitution, he sparked the Texas revolution by his less democratic form of government. Although, losing the War , he was still powerful figure until his sale of millions of acres in what is now southern Arizona and New Mexico to the United States. -
Sam Houston
Houston moved to Texas in 1832, and was an important figure in the growing conflict between American settlers and the Mexican government. He became the commander of the local army the settlers had formed. Houston and his army surprises Santa Anna in the Battle San Jacinto, which lasted 20 minutes and captured Santa Anna. This battle secured the independence of Texas. Later on, he became governor in 1859, but was removed from office after the secession of Texas in 1861. -
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass, also known was the father of the civil rights movement, was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, writer, and statesman. He became one of the most famous intellectuals of this time, he advised presidents and lectured to many people on a range of causes, such as women's rights. He surprised many people, because many northerners at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been a slave. -
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Westward Expansion
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Greek Revival
The Greek Revival dominated american architecture during the early 19th century. It was the first truly national style in the United States, found in all parts of the country. The popularity of the style was due to strong associations with classical tradition and democracy. Was predominantly found in Northern Europe and the United States. And can be seen in present day it is still used. -
Trial of Tears
Because Gold was found on the Cherokees land, Jackson forced them to move West under the Indian Removal Act to where is now known as Oklahoma. In detail, about 16,000 Native Americans were marched over 1,200 miles of rugged land. Over nearly 4,000 of these Indians died of disease, famine, and warfare. This also included other tribes such as the Seminoles, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creeks. -
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of people (Abolitionists), mostly African American, offering shelter to help slaves runaway from slave life in the South. Most of the slaves were aided by the railroad escaped borders states like Kentucky, Virginia and Maryland. They used safe houses, and a very important figure associated with the railroad was Harriet Tubman, which she made 19 trips to help fugitives. Overall, 100,000 slaves freed between 1830 and 1860. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was the idea that American expansion that the United States was destined to expand from coast to coast. In addition, it was the Notion of U.S. being a continental nation from
Jacksonian Democracy for white future in west and belief in Native Americans extinction. Although, Mexico and Great Britain claimed the land and because they felt an expansive nation would be too large to govern. This also was a factor to the Mexican American War. -
Annexation of Texas
The Republic of Texas voluntarily asked to become a part of the United States, and the government of the United States agreed to annex the nation. However, the Missouri Compromise interfered if Texas will become a slave state. This resulted to war with Mexico in 1846. The victorious United States came away with control of the American Southwest and California. -
Mexican-American War
Started by Mexico claiming the Nueces River as its northeastern border, while the U.S. claimed the Rio Grande River, Mexican troops opened fire at the Americans. Leading to the United States (Polk) declaring war on Mexico. Battles the U.S. won included, Battle of Vera Cruz and the Battle of Mexico City which was the victory that ended the war. In addition, the Americans' desire for California and other Mexican territories. Yet, by the war's end in 1848, Mexico had lost nearly half its territory. -
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Sectionalism
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty declared the Mexican American War was over and stated 525,000 square miles to United States territory. Which is the land that makes up all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. It settled border dispute, however problems to come over slavery. Because of the treaty Manifest Destiny was complete. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. It proclaimed itself as to discuss social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman. Held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucertia Mott. Three hundred men and women participated and discussed the issues of the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions. They talk about securing rights in economies and voting. They media presented the convention mostly negative in coverage. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was introduced by Henry Clay, which was a series of bills in an attempt to seek a compromise and avoid a crisis between North and South. The 5 separate bills included, California enters as a free state, New Mexico & Utah to decide on slavery, Texas relinquishes disputed western lands. Also, federal government took over Texas debt, and slave trade banned in Washington D.C. Also introduced the Fugitive Slave Act, which required the return of runaway slaves. -
California Statehood
Politicians hoped for slow population increase, however the Gold Rush caused California to be populated quickly. Also, slavery was now at the forefront; as people decided if California should be a slave state or free. As well as, Popular Will; senate equally divided between slave and free between California & New Mexico. Each side of house accused the other of imposition, as the more people of the house provided with the decision of the state being free. -
California Gold Rush
Started by James W. Marshall finding gold in Coloma, California, as the news spread quickly it lead on to attract 200 K people in 3 years. By 1852, mining began which was an easier way to find gold, which supported industries and gave many jobs. As well as, Chinese people started to migrate to California, yet they had very the dangerous left over jobs and faced racism. However, The California Gold Rush was the largest mass migration in American history. -
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin was an anti-slavery novel by American Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe. The book emphasized the grim reality of life under slavery. Also, it showed the increasing amount of differences between the North and the South. Many Northerners realized how unjust slavery was for the first time. With increasing opposition to slavery, Southern slave owners worked even harder to defend the institution. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed people in Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. However, Southerners were afraid of 2 new free states and wanted to abolish the Missouri Compromise. Also, the South wanted transcontinental railroad to run through their territory instead of the North. The Act will pass and Kansas will become a slave state, but Nebraska will become free. -
Yeoman Farmers
Yeoman Farmers owned their own modest farm and worked primarily with family labor as an independent person, which was a communal effort. Most relied on planters for their necessities, but others did resent them. But as 75% did not own slaves, but they formed southern militias to catch runaway slaves and guarded against slave rebellions. -
The North
As the North heads in the industrialization civilization and based on manufacturing. Steam engines is a huge factor to make or transport necessities, and Railroads which is also a major factor. Railroads allowed farmers to get food to markets at a faster rate. Immigrants will provide cheap labor by producing textiles for the people of the North with the cotton grown in the South. -
Abolitionists
Abolitionists were non-violent Americans who supported the idea of freeing slaves and giving equal rights to all African Americans. Although not all Americans agreed, because of the free labor and their idea that blacks are not as superior as whites. Yet abolitionist ideas became increasingly prominent in Northern churches and politics. -
Upper South
Moving away from agriculture as there was no fertile land. There diversified crops like corn, rye, hemp as there was shorter growing season. Because of this, slavery was dying in this region and people were selling their slaves to lower South. -
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The Civil War
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Slavery - Civil War
African - Americans role in the Civil War deferred between the Union and the Confederacy. Many volunteered to fight in the war, as 10% of the Union army were black men. However, in the Confederacy army many were still slaves and they served mostly in labor positions. In addition, many Slaves fled to the North after the Emancipation Proclamation. -
South - Civil War
South Carolina acted first, calling for a convention to secede from the Union then followed by 7 other states. During the Civil War the south population was 5.5 million people, including 3.5 slaves. Not as industrialized as the north, but the South had about 18,00 factories. Although, their military leadership was highly skilled, as great history of competent military leaders.The Confederacy wanted to preserve slavery, states' rights, and political liberty for whites. -
Battle of Gettysburg
A battle fought between the Confederacy and the Union, which was the most important and bloodiest battle fought of the war. Robert E. Lee heads North to invade and converges in the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. However, the Union wins and as a result it's the turning point where more people favor the Union rather than the Confederacy. As well as, General Lee will retreat back to south losing 1/3 of his force. -
Women During the War
The Civil war gave women new roles in traditional males dominated positions, instead of staying home and doing chores. Also, women across the South took on new roles to support their families and the Confederacy. They took up jobs such as, managing stores, farms and plantations. In addition, in both regions women will take over teaching professions, take civil service jobs. Also, Clara Barton will start the American Red Cross to help wounded soldiers on both sides and give women nursing jobs. -
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Reconstruction
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13th Amendment
The 13th amendment of the Bill of Rights, which states " Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime. shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Lincoln and his fellow Republicans was aware that the Emancipation Proclamation could be viewed as a temporary war measure and not outlaw slavery once the Civil War ended, so they focused on passing a constitutional amendment that would do so. -
Lincoln's Assassination
Five days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his massive army. During the performance of "Our American Cousin" at the Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C, John Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln in the back of the head. Lincoln was found by a doctor in the theater slumped in his chair, paralyzed and struggling to breathe. Lincoln was pronounced dead at 7:22 a.m. on April 15, 1865, at the age of 56. -
Ulysses S. Grant
Grant commanded the Union during the American Civil war and served as the 18th president of the U.S. He was entrusted with command of all U.S. armies in 1864, and relentlessly pursued the enemy during the Civil War. He also seized the Confederate strongholds & railroads, and gave Union control over most of Tennessee & Kentucky. Overall he lead the Union into victory after the Civil War. -
Robert E. Lee
During the Peninsular Campaign, General Robert E. Lee becomes leader of the Army of Northern Virginia, also Lee defeats the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run, which leads him to become leader for the Confederate Army for the rest of the war. However, the Confederacy surrendered to the Union in 1865. -
Tenements
Another term for apartments; a building with separated rooms where different families lived but more rundown and often overcrowded. Usually located in poor section of large cities, which these buildings were far from minimum standards of safety, sanitation, and comfort. These tenements were built when there were almost no laws regulating tenement construction. -
Election of 1866
It was the first presidential election to take place after the American Civil War, during the Reconstruction Era. Andrew Johnson became the president after the assassination of Lincoln, who was the vice president and still supported the democratic party. Although, Johnson had lost support within the Republican Party for his Reconstruction policies. He went against Republicans on whether the Reconstructions of the South should be harsh or lenient. -
Jim Crow
Jim Crow refers to the racial ranking that defined American life through a set of laws and practices which operated primarily in the South. Increased after the Civil War, most southern states and border states passed laws that denied blacks basic human rights. During the Jim Crow period they segregated water fountains and labeled which blacks could use. Also, a black person might begin a bus or train ride near the front, but each time a white passenger boarded they had to move back a row. -
Free-Black Communities
Both found in the North and South. In the North, there was mostly no slaves found as there was no needed for them. As the North as economically advance rather than the South by depending on industrialized factories. As for the South, there was minimal free black groups as 6% of the whole black population was granted freedom but under more scrutiny, but allowed a better economic opportunity. There mostly found Baltimore, Richmond, New Orleans, Charleston, Memphis, Mobile, Natchez. -
Election of 1868
In 1868, Republican, Civil War general Ulysses S. Grant ran against Democratic, former New York Governor Horatio Seymour for president of the U.S. After Johnson had been impeached by Congress. At 43 years old, Grant became the president by his help of winning the Civil War for the Union. -
The KKK
The Ku Klux Klan founded in 1866 resisted the freedom and equal rights of Blacks, mostly popular in southern states. The KKK dedicated itself to an reserved campaign of violence against both races Republican leaders and voters in an effort to reverse the policies of Radical Reconstruction and restore white supremacy in the South. Though Congress passed legislation designed to avoid Klan terrorism, the organization saw its primary goal to achieve and through Democratic victories in the South. -
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that lead America into a depression from the years of 1873 to 1879. Following the Civil War, the U.S. experienced a period of economic growth that was unmatched in its brief history. The results of the Panic, weakened the Republican Party, and Democrats regained the House of Representatives in 1874, and the subsequent economic depression helped bring Reconstruction era to an end. -
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 resolved the dispute in 1876 presidential election between Samuel Tilden (D) and Rutherford B. Hayes (R). The democrats agreed that Hayes can become president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the granting of home rule in the South. In result, Hayes withdrew of federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina, effectively ending the Reconstruction Era and issuing in the system of Jim Crow.
