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1720 BCE
The Great Awakening
-periods of religious revival in christian history. Historian recognized many waves that encouraged religious enthusiasm.
- John Edwards was a minster at the time and was recognized by his sermon.
- George Whitefield was also a minster and preached sermons. -
753 BCE
Rome
- Roman law is what Romans would live ab abide by like how they lived, the property they owned, their social status.
- the fall of the roman empire in 4.10 C.E invading army reached inside the roman empire which was left undefended, the empire was taken from the Romans.Visigoths destroyed everything in their way. with the fall of the roman empire a new religion was arose, Christianity different to what they believed in which was polytheistic.
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1095
the crusades
The crusades were religious wars between people, with the pope giving out indulgences.
Indulgences is a way of paying off your sins or bribing in order to redeem you sins to be good for the church
The technology during this time was accurate maps, crossbows, and also magnetic compasses. -
1300
The renaissance
-The Renaissance was a time period in which classical art was very alive. with the paintings trying to master realism which is a form of painting natural features of nature or people.
-Leonardo and Micheal Angelo were important figures in this time period because if their amazing art.
-The printing press was invented by the German Gutenberg. Gutenberg made a printing system, which was important because this was the first invention to be able to print things. With this literacy increased. -
1340
The Black Death
The Black Death was a terrible tragedy, the decrease in population caused by the plague increased the wages of poor people. Poor people started to enjoy a higher standard of living and more freedom.
- The rats carried the deadly disease and the fleas would bite rats and the fleas would carry the disease and bite humans and that's how the disease would spread. -
1428
Aztecs
-groups of people who were mainly in central Mexico, spoke a Nahuatl language and were in large parts of Mesoamerica.
-Aztec priests would perform human sacrifices to their gods to show their appreciation to their gods.
- Aztecs followed a caste system which was a social structure. The Aztecs followed a strict social structure in which people were classified as nobles, commoners, serfs, or slaves. -
1492
The Colombian Exchange
The Colombian exchange was the exchange of goods, animals and technology from the old world and new world.
Diseases had spread from the old world to the new world like small pox, whooping cough, and etc.
crops were exchanged such as tomatoes, chili peppers, coffee, soy beans, corn, potatoes, and pumpkins.
the animals that were exchanged were horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, turkeys etc -
Period: 1492 to
Beginnings to exploration
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Period: 1492 to
Colonial America
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1500
The Dark Ages
The Dark Ages was a time period named like that because of the fall of the roman empire.
The catholic church was alive, but there was some differences and disputes between Christianity and Catholics.
Military technology was gunpowder, a balista, and siege towers. there was also inventions of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, new and improved water mills, Gothic architecture, medieval castles, and agriculture, and a three-field crop rotation. -
Caribbean colonies
- sugar became big between the lands spreading to other countries like Saint Domingue and Jamaica. -Barbados was the main port for trade and also travel between Britain. -Soon Quakers were at the Barbados and Jamaica, working at plantations as convicts.
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Period: to
English Colony Societies
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Salutary Neglect
-The Navigation Acts was an attempt to end salutary neglect and create a strong imperial policy.
- salutary neglect helped involuntarily to the increasing autonomy of colonial legal and legislative institutions, which also led to American independence. -
Slavery
-Slaves were shipped with goods and other products to an area that was later called the Middle passage.
- forced migration of 12 - 15 million people from Africa to the Western Hemisphere from the middle to be traded off.
-Nat turner was the first slave rebellion, it was a bloody uprising that lead to the murder of Nat's master and the murder of other person who was for slavery. -
Slavery
- some communities were free of black slaves cuz they were opposed of the idea.
- A lot of rebellions happened during this time period, most famous one was Nat turner.
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Massachusetts Bay colony
-by a group Puritan refugees, an original English settlements, that left England
-John Winthrop was the founder of the colony
- Roger Williams was banished from this colony, later founded Rhode Island
- Anne Hutchinson was also banished from the colony for being accused of going against the puritans beliefs -
Navigation Acts
-Were designed to regulate colonial trade and enabled England to collect duties taxes in the Colonies.
-Limited of foreign products was to retain the monopoly of British colonial trade for the good of British merchants. -
Slaves codes
-Slaves codes were state laws made to determine the status of slaves and the rights of their owners. Slave codes placed harsh restrictions on slaves' already limited freedoms, often in order to attempt rebellion or escape, and gave slave owners absolute power over their slaves. -
Pennsylvania
-Was founded by William Penn, a safe haven for Quakers to live and practice their faith. Quakers came to this colony to seek refugee since their religion was not accepted else where. -
The enlightenment
- Also known as Age of Reason, was a philosophical movement that took place primarily in Europe and, later took place in North America, people thought they were shedding light on human intellect and culture after the "dark" Middle Ages.
- John Locke was a very important figure because he had good ideas and political philosophies and was very influential to the enlightenment.
- Deism was a religion that was believed in the existence of God with common sense.
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Glorious Revolution
- William took the English throne from James II this brought a permanent realignment of power in the English constitution. -Bloodless revolution! -Before William and Mary could become king and queen they had to agree to pass the Bill of Rights
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Salem Witch Trials
-young girls in Salem Village in Massachusetts, said to be possessed by the devil and accused several women from the village of witchcraft.
-The result of this the women accused of witch craft were executed, but later realized it was a mistake and compensated the families. -
Act of union
-The Acts of Union was passed by the English and Scottish Parliaments and led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
-The two kingdoms are to be united, the Protestant succession was adopted, and trade was going to be free and equal throughout Great Britain. -
Triangular Trade
- was transatlantic slave trade, Carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies.
- Many slaves got sick and died during the transportation and were thrown off the boat and into the water.
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The french and Indian war
- Was a North American conflict in a large imperial war between Great Britain and France.
- Washington played the role as a commission, a major in the militia of the British Province of Virginia. -Fort William Henry ended with a French Defeat.
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Treaty of paris
- A negotiation between the United States and Great Britain, and ended the revolutionary war and also recognized American independence.
- France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, and ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies as well.
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Period: to
The revolutionary War
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Acts of Parliament
-was an era of a new law or changes to an existing law
- .The sugar act had required people to pay a tax of six pence per gallon on the importation of foreign molasses
-Stamp act had required people to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Like Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were even taxed. -
Jackson Administration
- Had a "most favored nation" treaty with Great Britain, settled claims of damages against France from the Napoleonic Wars, and recognized the Republic of Texas.
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Boston Massacre
-a street fight between a mob that lead to several colonists being killed and this led to a campaign.
- Paul revere used this as propaganda and wrote a a headline to stir up problems with British tyranny and stir up anti-British sentiment among his fellow colonists.
-No taxation without representation was a slogan created by James Otis, that reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by British Parliament. -
Boston Tea Party
-The Boston Tea Party was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty, throwing British tea into the Boston .Harbor.
- East India Company was a company that chartered by Queen Elizabeth I for trade with Asia. The original idea of the group of merchants involved was to break the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade with the East Indies. -
Lexington battle
-Started off the American Revolutionary War
-British troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord to order and seize an arms cache.
- the phrase "shot heard round world" meant the first shots that were fired in the battle. -
Battle of bunker hill
- British defeated the Americans
- General William led the British into victory in the Massachusetts, leaving the Americans in great defeat at the bottom of the hill.
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Common sense
-Common sense was a way to challenge the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy, and was the first work to openly question for independence from Great Britain.
- Common sense was written by Thomas Paine, the first to advocate Independence -
The declaration of independence
- A document that was signed and gained independence from great Britain. -Thomas Jefferson was one of the people who signed it.
- During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve independence that had been proposed in June Lee trying to make the United States independent.
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The Articles of Confederation
-a written document that gave the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain.
-Articles of Confederation had no provisions that were made for an executive branch to enforce the laws neither for a national court system to give them. A legislative Congress was the main thing in command for the national government, but it had no power to force the states to do anything against their will. -
Battle of Saratoga
- Were 2 battles of Saratoga, were fought 18 days apart.
- was turning point for the battles
- British was lead by General John Burgoyn and got costly victory over American forces.
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Massachusetts constitution
-it was drafted by John Adams, it was the world's oldest functioning written constitution.
- It served as a model for the US constitution. -
Zach Taylor
-anti abolisher
- Zach was the 12th President of the United States,Taylor was a career officer in the United States Army, rising to the rank of major general. -
Shays Rebellion
- As series of protest by American farmers who opposed of being forced on tax collections.
- Led by Daniel Shay
- Tax enforcement was occurring to recover debt america had after wars
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Yeomen Farmers
- A farmer who owned his own modest farm and worked it primarily with family labor.
- did not own any slaves
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The North West Ordinance
-A law that was passed in order to regulate the settlement of the Northwest Territory, was divided into several states of the Middle West.
- It also organized the territory into townships of thirty-six square miles each and had for self-government and religious toleration in the territory. -
The three Branches
- Congress is the head of legislative branch, which has the House of Representatives and the Senate. The main job of these two bodies is to make the laws. Its powers are passing laws, originating spending bills, impeaching officials, and approving treaties.
- Executive branch gives out and enforces laws.
- judicial shows the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases, and decides if laws violate the Constitution.
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The constitutional convention
- The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia they met between May and September to address the problems of the weak central government that was under the Articles of Confederation.
- there was 3 plans involved the Virginia plan, the new jersey plan, and the Hamilton plan.
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election of 1788
-John Adams and George Washington ran against each other for the role as president.
- George Washington won the election an served two terms
- John Adams became the first VP -
Maryland
Maryland was one of the 13 English colonies, the first proprietor was George Calvert.
Cecil Calvert was the first Proprietor and Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland
Tobacco played a big part in this colony as a big product in their agriculture -
Bill of rights
-This document was written by James Madison in order to provide for several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific limitations on governmental power. -
Period: to
The constitution
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Second Great Awakening
Was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. Membership rose quickly among Baptist and Methodist congregations which preachers led the movement.. -
Period: to
The American Industrialization
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Changes in Agriculture
- Iron Plow: most important agricultural tool, used to turn and break up soil, to bury crop residues, and to help control weeds.
- Crank churns: a tool used to make cream into butter. Was done through a mechanical process, through a pole inserted through the lid of the churn, or through a crank used to turn a rotating device inside the churn.
- Cotton Gin: a machine that quickly separates cotton fibers from their seeds, making much better productivity than manual cotton separation.
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Free Black Communities
-Mainly newly-freed African Americans in the North as they struggled to forge organizations and institutions to promote their burgeoning communities and to attain equal rights in the face of slavery and racism. -
Whiskey Rebellion
- was a rise in protest by farmers who opposed the taxation on whiskey.
- Alexander Hamilton idea, so it could reduce debt
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Election of 1796
- John Adams one election
- Jefferson became VP because he got more votes than Pinckney
- Washington wrote an address that stated Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he told them not to do long-term alliances with other nations.
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The bank of United States
- the Banks purpose was to to serve as a repository for federal funds and as the government's fiscal agent. -The first Bank failed
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Adams Presidency
-President John Adams gave out three ministers to France in 1797 to negotiate a commercial agreement to protect U.S. shipping. He named them x,y, and z and it later became a thing.
- alien and sedition act increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years, made aliens to declare their intent to acquire citizenship five years before it could be granted. -
election of 1800
-the 12th amendment is basically stating the procedure for electing the President and Vice President.
-The “midnight judges” was selected by Adams, who also signed appointments up until midnight on his last day in office.
- the mabury vs Madison case was mainly about the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article 3 of the Constitution. -
Jefferson Administration
- Created the National Bank
- His main priority was to get rid of National Debt
- Purchased Louisiana from France and got in trouble because it went against his foreign square mile area.
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Period: to
The Age Of Jefferson
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Hamilton v Burr
- duel was fought between American politicians Aaron Burr, the sitting Vice President of the United States, and Alexander Hamilton.
- Hamilton was fatally shot and died.
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Robert E lee
-Was an American and Confederate soldier, mostly known as a commander of the Confederate States Army. He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865. -
Embargo Act
- A law that the United states passed and was signed by Thomas Jefferson, It prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports. -Agricultural prices and earnings decreased, shipping-related industries were terrible.
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Guerrilla Warfare
- The term means of a group of Spanish partisans who fought against Napoleon in the Peninsular War.
- Was a tatic used for convectional forces
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James Madison Presidency
-James Madison was elected president.
-The embargo act was the prohibition on American ships from trading in all foreign ports, France passed a law that prohibited trade between neutral parties, like the U.S, and Britain.
- impressment was the taking of men and putting them in the military without their consent. -
Oregon trail
-The Oregon Trail was a 2,170-mile historic east–west, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. -
War 1812
-Great Britain was locked in a long problematic conflict with Napoleon Bonaparte's France. To try to cut off supplies from reaching the enemy, both sides tried to block the United States from trading with the other.
-Canada defeat the Americans and burnt down the White House. -
The battle of New Orleans
- Last major battle of the War of 1812
- America was lead by Andrew Jackson
- American army won a decisive victory despite being outnumbered by a bunch other militia.
- At the end of the war the treaty of Ghent was signed.
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McCullough v. Maryland
-The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the United States and that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank. -
Panic of 1819
-Banks all through the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, caused to force people out of their homes and off their farms. Decreasing prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment. -
Missouri Crisis
- Was an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted.
- Free states did not have slaves, and Slave states have slaves.
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The Missouri Compromise
-was a choice by Congress to take down the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri, for admission as a state in which slavery would be allowed. During that time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free. -
Ulysses S Grant -
-he Commanded the Union army during the American Civil War and also served as the 18th U.S. president. An Ohio native, fought in the Mexican-American War. -
The Monroe Doctrine
-U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere was to Bury in a routine annual message deliver to Congress by President James Monroe in, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.
- Was created separate spheres of European and American influence. The United States had promised to stay out of European business and told the Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere's business. -
Election of 1824
- James won presidency -This was the first election decided by the House of Representatives after the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, which had been ratified in the election of 1800.
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Election of 1828
-Quincy won presidency
- Andrew Jackson was bitterly disappointed, He had earned the most electoral votes, but had been denied the presidency by the House of Representatives. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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What is Temperance movement
the country's first serious anti-alcohol movement grew out of a fervor for reform that went through the nation -
Nullification Crisis
-South Carolina adopted the ordinance to nullify the tariff acts and label them unconstitutional. Despite people giving helpful advice from other Southern states, South Carolina found itself standing alone. -
Whig Party
- political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents were apart of the party while in office was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson.
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Battle of golliad
-the battle was the second skirmish of the Texas Revolution, Texas settlers attacked the Mexican Army soldiers garrisoned at Presidio La Bahía, a fort near the Mexican Texas settlement of Goliad. -
Election of 1840
-President Martin Van Buren fought for re-election against an economic depression and a Whig Party unified for the first time behind war hero William Henry Harrison. -
Manifest Destiny
- An American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. It helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico.
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Mexican American war
-Texas gained its independence from Mexico in 1836. But the United States declined to incorporate it into the union, largely because northern political interests were against the addition of a new slave state. -
California Gold rush
gold had been found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought about 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. -
Compromise of 1850
A Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished. Then California entered the Union as a free state and a territorial government was created in Utah. -
Fugitive slave act
a law passed by the United States Congress on, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves. -
Under Ground Railroad
-It was a secret network organized by people who helped men, women, and children escape from slavery to freedom. It was alive before the Civil War ended slavery in the United States. -
Period: to
Sectionalism
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uncle toms cabin
is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. , the novel "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War", according to Will Kaufman. very popular novel -
Bleeding Kansas
a lot of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery "Free-Staters" and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian", or "southern" elements in Kansas. -
Revivalism
revival in America, Jeremiah Lanphier, a businessman, started a series of prayer meetings in New York. Congregation was crowded, often with a majority of businessmen. -
John Browns raid
John Brown was a leader a small army of 18 men into the small town of Harper's Ferry, Virginia. His plan was to instigate a major slave rebellion in the South. -
Period: to
Cultural changes
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1st bull run
the First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the Battle of First Manassas, was fought in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas. -
Period: to
The Civil War
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Gettysburg
was the largest battle of the American Civil War as well as the largest battle ever fought in North America, involving around 85,000 men in the Union's Army of the Potomac under Major General George Gordon leadership. -
free mens Burreu
this was to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War. Some 4 million slaves gained their freedom as a result of the Union victory in the war, which left many communities in ruins and terrible conditions the South’s plantation-based economy. -
kkk
three distinct movements in the United States that have advocated extremist reactionary positions such as white supremacy. -
Period: to
Reconstruction
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Election of 1868
Johnson had alienated many of his constituents and had been impeached by Congress.
After many ballots, the Democrats nominated Governor Horatio Seymour to take on the Republican candidate, Civil War general Ulysses S. Grant. -
Changes in Communication
- Telegraph: a tool used for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, for telegraphy. A telegraph message sent by an electrical telegraph operator or for using Morse code.
- print: People started printing things out and increased more literacy rate.
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Election of 1876
the election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden was one of the most hostile, controversial campaigns in American history. -
Jim Crow
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States -
Mellienialsm
-the belief, expressed in the book of Revelation to John, the last book of the New Testament. -
Neutral states
-the border states during the Civil War were the slave states that didn't leave the Union.
-These states included Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. West Virginia, -
Period: to
New Republic
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The great debate
- Debates between Federalists and Anti- federalists -The anti- federalist were opposed of strong central government, thought they had too much power
- The federalists were on board with a strong central government and industrialization.
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Changes in Transportation
-Steamboats: it was mainly used to carry supplies across water, or it would carry passengers across water also.
- Canals water transportation are for boats to travel
- Railroads: another faster way to transport goods and services.
