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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded
-Civil rights: rights that protect an individual created by the government
-CORE was founded by a group of students in 1942
-CORE was an organization created to reform civil rights peacefully -
Jackie Robinson Hired to the Brooklyn Dodgers
-Color line: a barrier created by cuts, law, and economic differences, that separates whites from nonwhites
-In 1945, Jackie crossed the color line when he was hired by the major leagues
-He was the first black major League baseball player -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation: Excluding people from doing something because of their race
-African Americans said that they would not fight in a war if they were being segregated against, so the Executive Order was created
-The executive order desegregated anyone of any race or religion in the Armed Force -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam:African American political and religious movement
-Malcom X: member of the Nation of Islam
-He was introduced to teachings of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation Islam while he was in jail
-Joined the Nation of Islam in 1952 -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall: fought for the right of African American children to be educated in whatever school they want
-The ruling dismantled legal segregation in all white schools
-Several cases that were taken through the court system at one time and up to the supreme court -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (start)
-Boycott: An action they took to show it wasn't fair for blacks to have to sit in the back and have to give up their seats to the white people
-Rosa Parks: refused to give up her seat to a white person
-On December 5th, 90% of the African Americans who would usually ride the bus, honored the boycott
-MLK was 26 years old when they chose him to lead the boycott -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: a group of 9 black students that went to a white school
-2,000 students at Central High School and only 9 were black
-People tried to stop the 9 kids from going to school, even the military -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
-Jim Crow Laws: State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the U.S.
-Sit Ins: Where the blacks would go and sit in "whites only" spots and they would refuse to move
-When 4 African American students order food at a restaurant, the waitress refused to serve them and said that they serve whites only
-Sit-ins with many people captured attention nationwide for the civil rights movement -
Freedom Rides
-Civil disobedience: peaceful protest against something protester disagrees with
-CORE was involved with organizing these Freedom Rides
-CORE ended up abandoning the Freedom Rights, but SNCC continued them
-Some freedom riders were beat up for their cause -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
-SCLC: joined King in making a nonviolent plan to help end segregation
-They wanted to take these actions to help end segregation because basically no public facility in Birmingham allowed blacks and whites to mix
-On April 12, King was arrested among 50 others for their nonviolent demonstrations -
March on Washington
-NAACP:National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-King inspired the Nation with his "I Have a Dream" Speech
-Jackie Robinson and Rosa Parks attended the march -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy v. Ferguson- It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal"
- Civil Rights bill supported by Kennedy was taken on by Lyndon B. Johnson after Kennedy's assassination
-This Civil Rights Act banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise: not allowing people to vote
-Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965
-African Americans got the right to vote because of this Act -
Watts Riot (start)
-Kerner Commission:The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
-Ghettos: part of a city occupied by a minority group
-A riot broke out in Los Angeles because of the frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police brutality
-The riot lasted for 6 long days -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power: the power to shape public policy through the political process
-Bobby Seale and Huey Newton were the founders of the Black Panther Party
-In the mid-1970's the Black Panther Party fell through -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-Discrimination: Treating people differently based on their appearance
-A law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
-Also gave the federal government the authority to file lawsuits against those who violated the law. -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-Desegregation: Ending racial segregation
-1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration
-In 1971 the court supported the judges busing plan -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative action: a policy favoring those who suffer from discrimination
-Bakke sued the school for reverse discrimination
-The ruling didn't end the debate over affirmative action and preferential treatment for women and minorities
