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under Elizabeth I
parish / poor rates / poor relief -
= 'putting out system' = 'cottage industry'
Home/small workshops - Goods made by hand /unsophisticated tools
piece work
independent, entire families, combine industrial work with farming -
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=> mechanized weaving
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paved the way for the factory system => "mills" near fast-flowing rivers
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revolutionized the textile industry : speed++ => quantity / possible to spin finer cloth=> quality
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workhouse children (apprentices)
not more than 11 hours a day -
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Owen testified (children 3 or 4)
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St Peter's field Manchester
Mass meeting to call for parliamentary reform and the repeal of the Corn Laws. Authorities sent in the cavalry. 11 people were killed, 400 injured. -
outlawed work for children <9 in cotton mills
+ children between 9 and 12, max 12 hours a day -
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1830s against agricultural tools and machines
Agricultural labourers -
children, graphic details, horrified
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children from 9 to 12 => max 9hrs/day
youths 12 to 18 => max 12 hrs/day
From 9 to 11 => 2 hrs a day compulsory education
Employment <9 prohibited (except in silk factories) -
poverty (able bodied, end of outdoor relief) # indigence (impotent poor, workhouses)
"less eligibility principle" -
Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong / The factory boy
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connection between poverty, poor public health and social disorder
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women and children <10 prohibited from working in mines
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inmates gnawing bones, money stolen
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restricted working hours to 10 a day for women and children in textile factories
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local boards of health (compulsory) / cost met by the payment of rates / medical officers of health / over time, definition of public health expanded
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