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First Poor Law
under Elizabeth I
parish / poor rates / poor relief -
Period: to
Domestic system
= 'putting out system' = 'cottage industry'
Home/small workshops - Goods made by hand /unsophisticated tools
piece work
independent, entire families, combine industrial work with farming -
John KAY - The flying shuttle
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James HARGREAVES - The spinning Jenny
=> mechanized weaving -
Richard ARKWRIGHT - Water frame
paved the way for the factory system => "mills" near fast-flowing rivers -
James WATT- The steam engine
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Adam SMITH - The Wealth of Nations
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Samuel CROMPTON - the spinning mule
revolutionized the textile industry : speed++ => quantity / possible to spin finer cloth=> quality -
Health and Moral of Apprentices Act
workhouse children (apprentices)
not more than 11 hours a day -
Period: to
Luddites
-
Demonstrations of workers relatively commonplace after 1815
-
End of Napoleonic wars
-
Period: to
Corn Laws
-
Committee on children in manufactories
Owen testified (children 3 or 4) -
Peterloo Massacre
St Peter's field Manchester
Mass meeting to call for parliamentary reform and the repeal of the Corn Laws. Authorities sent in the cavalry. 11 people were killed, 400 injured. -
FACTORY ACT
outlawed work for children <9 in cotton mills
+ children between 9 and 12, max 12 hours a day -
Period: to
Corn laws and state interventionism in the economy, more and more criticized.
-
Period: to
Swing riots
1830s against agricultural tools and machines
Agricultural labourers -
Parliamentary Committee chaired by M. Sadler
children, graphic details, horrified -
FACTORY ACT
children from 9 to 12 => max 9hrs/day
youths 12 to 18 => max 12 hrs/day
From 9 to 11 => 2 hrs a day compulsory education
Employment <9 prohibited (except in silk factories) -
New Poor Law
poverty (able bodied, end of outdoor relief) # indigence (impotent poor, workhouses)
"less eligibility principle" -
Francis TROLLOPE - 1rst industrial novel
Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong / The factory boy -
Edwin CHADWICK - Report on the Sanitary condition of the Laboring population
connection between poverty, poor public health and social disorder -
MINES ACT
women and children <10 prohibited from working in mines -
Andover Scandal
inmates gnawing bones, money stolen -
FACTORY ACT (10 hours act)
restricted working hours to 10 a day for women and children in textile factories -
PUBLIC HEALTH ACT
local boards of health (compulsory) / cost met by the payment of rates / medical officers of health / over time, definition of public health expanded -
Prince Albert died of typhoid fever