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Nov 3, 1500
Animism and Aboriginal's View of the Environment
Aboriginal's believed that everything had a spirit and spirits were immortal. Due to this belief, they only took what they needed from the earth because they didn't want to hurt a spirit. They also had a lot of respect for nature because they recognized its importance in their survival, they'd say a prayer to animals who they hunted because the animal gave itself up for the human. Natives believed good and bad spirits. They tried to please bad spirits through prayer and tobacco offerings. -
Period: Nov 3, 1500 to
Culture and Currents of thought
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Nov 3, 1505
Social Relation's Between Natives
Amerindians had a lot of respect for their elders, who kept their tradition and passed them on to the young generations. Everything for them was done orally, all laws and stories of their tribes. Chiefs had no decision making powers, they had to be well spoken hunters, who were chosen to represent their tribe. Algonquin chiefs represented their tribe during trade, or peace making with other tribes. Iroquois chiefs made sure that everyone followed the rules made by the other tribe members. -
Nov 3, 1510
Gift Giving and Reciprocal Relationships Between Amerindians
One way for a tribe to maintain a harmonious relationship with another tribe, they must give a gift when receiving one. There were lots of festivities when this sort of trade occurred, they would do their tribe's dances, have feasts and ceremonies, and sing songs -
Nov 3, 1515
Importance of Tobacco and Dreams in Native American Culture
Smoking tobacco or putting tobacco in a fire was away Natives Communicated with spirits according to their beliefs. They also believed that dreams were a way that spirits showed themselves, dreams were prophetic and they could tell the near or distant future. -
Nov 3, 1520
Shamanism
Shamanism is an Aboriginal ideology, that believed in shamans. Shamans were humans that had special access to the spirit world and could talk to spirits because they showed themselves more frequently to the shaman. They were the priests and medics in the native tribe. Shamans could not make decisions, but they could give their opinion. -
Nov 3, 1550
Cultural Consequences of Native's Encounter with Europeans
When Europeans came to North America, they brought over their technology, which gradually became a part of Native culture. They were introduced to brass pots, which were more durable than theirs, wool and cotton clothing, riffles, which replaced their bows and arrows, knives and clubs. Domestic animals and new vegetables were given to Sedentary Natives. They also caught many diseases from the europeans and many died. -
Catholicism and Aboriginal Missions
When the French regime began in 1608, French people tried to convert native people to their religion, Catholicism. Missionaries and Jesuits came to the colony, in order to make New France a Catholic society. Missionaries would settle in the middle of native villages and learn their language so they could convert them. Schools were even made to teach aboriginal children Catholicism. -
Absolutism in New France
When New France was colonized, France's form of government was Absolutism. Absolutism is a political ideology, where the ruler (in this case, the king) is believed to be god's representative on earth. This was also the political ideology of New France. Before 1663, royal absolutism was manifested mostly through the monopoly chosen by the king. After 1663, the king a governor and an intendant to rule the colony. -
Cultural Consequences of the French After the Encounter with Aboriginals
People living in New France had to adopt Native practices in order to survive the cold winters. They wore winter coats, moccasins, tuque or hat with ears and snowshoes. They modified some of the clothing to make them waterproof. They learnt new means of travel, like canoes, snowshoes and sleds. Food, like squash, corn, and maple syrup was introduced to them. They also discovered Tobacco. -
Catholicism
In New France, the church had a lot of power. Priests were in charge of Parishes, missions and Nuns were in charge of schools and hospitals. The church could control people by threatening to excommunicate them. Excommunication is getting kicked out of the church, so you can't go to heaven. The church also was the only place where people got news. News was given Sundays, which was a no work day. Most people at this time were extremely religious so catholicism was the centre of there lives. -
Conciliation and collaboration
Under French rule, the catholic church had a lot of privileges, but after the royal proclamation of 1763, protestant became the official religion and the catholic church had to deal with loss of power. When the 13 colonies stared revolting in 1774, England wanted to keep the people of Quebec loyal so they put a new Bishop in Quebec city and other concessions to keep the colony. The catholic church also threatened to excommunicate anyone who supported the American Revolution. -
Liberalism in the Colony
Liberalism is protecting the colony or state from the abuse of the monarch. In Britain liberalism caused their constitutional monarchy which is a monarchy consists of the people sharing power with the monarch, the right to be represented in parliament, Habeas Corpus, the freedom of expression and freedom of the press. People in Quebec wanted a legislative assembly so everyone can participate in governement. But French and English people didn't want the other group participation in government. -
Britsh People's Demands
British people wanted Canada to be run like a British Colony, wanted Anglican to be the only religion and English to be the official language during the revolts. They also wanted a legislative assembly, which they got after the constitutional act of 1791, but they didn't want French people to be allowed to participate in the government. The British Party was established to shows the views of the English in Canada in the Assembly and the Quebec Mercury, a newspaper, defended English views. -
Demands of the Canadiens
At the beginning of the British regime, French people weren't allowed to participate in government because they weren't protestant. After the Act of Quebec, French civil laws and catholicism was put back in place to please them. After English people made their demands for a more english colony, French people defended their rights and demanded more. The Parti Canadiens and Le Canadien, a newspaper, were established to represent French views in government. -
Church Education and Social Services
Education laws such as the school act were put in place in 1840. Schools at the time were divided into protestant and catholic schools, it was not mandatory though. Schools stayed like this until the quiet revolution. The church was involved in all levels of education from elementary to university, post secondary was only accessible to a minority of people. The literary levels of the population increased after these laws. Schools were divided by sexes, girl school concentrated on domestic life. -
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism is a belief, where the catholic church dominated religious. political, culture, moral matters, etc. of the people. The Act of Union merged the two Canadas and made French Catholics the minority. The Catholic church relied on ultramontanism to increase it's power and influence over the population. In the 1840s, the Bishop of Montreal got permission to bring monks and nuns from France. Due to this, the number of clergy members in the colony increased. -
Anticlericalism
Although ultramontanism was strong at the time, liberal ideas, that were increasing, questioned the church. The Institut Canadien de Montreal was founded by young intellectuals in Montreal for discussion. The church was offended by this and many members of the Institut left in fear of excommunication. Those who stayed pushed for the separation of church and state, they believed that the church's opinion had no place in politics. This was known anticlericalism and it opposed ultramontanism. -
Effects of Capitalism
Capitalism became present in Canada during the first phase of industrialization. Capitalism is a type of economy where rich people (in Canada, the British elite) invest their money into companies and get more money, poor people stay poor. Many people poor people protested and critiqued capitalism and wanted to put in place socialism, communism or fascism. Socialism was the most popular in Canada. -
Canadian Imperialism
The British North America Act was meant to protect catholicism and the French language in Canada. Nationalists, interpreted the act as a way to unite all Canadians through the autonomy of Canada, with regard to Great Britain. Imperialists viewed Canada as still being part of the British empire and thought English should be the only language and protestant should be the only religion. During WWI, Imperialists supported conscription, but nationalist supported Voluntary participation. -
Feminism and Social Reformism
Feminism at this time believed that women should still be viewed as mothers and wives, but women thought they should also have a place in education and health of their children. These demands didn't happen because women couldn't vote and men didn't want to lose their power. Feminism was a threat to the social order and many groups were against it, like the catholic church and supporters of survival nationalism. Women obtained voting rights in 1918 on a Federal level and 1940 in Quebec. -
Church Conservatism
In the 20s, movies, radio, sports, dancing, etc. became a big part of Quebec culture. The catholic church was very against this and promoted traditional lifestyles. The bishop published several letters in which they condemned dancing movies and theatre. The church tried to close the theatre on Sundays, they managed to ban some movies in Quebec. -
Agriculturalism
The stock market crash in the 1930s was blamed on capitalism and industrialization, so the themes of survival, family, religion and agriculture came back to french Canadian Nationalists. Agriculturalism was used to counter urbanization, families would move to rural areas and start farms. In order to raise the capital needed for the farms, they would put all their money together. -
Americanism and Secularism After the Second World War
After WWII, Quebec was very prosperous and the catholic church was increasingly called into question. In the 50s, American culture of consuming lots of things, was spreading. This was very bad for the catholic church because people were watching more TV, theatre shows, etc. People became more secular and the idea of separating church and state gained popularity. -
Maurice Duplessis
The premier of Quebec in the '50s, Maurice Duplessis, strongly believed in the alliance of church and state. Many people, like intellectuals, artist, even Pierre Elliot Trudeau and Gerard Pelletier were against his views. In 1948, group of artists called Refus Globale, denounced the catholic church and it’s traditional values. They considered it the reason of quebec’s cultural backwardness. People who criticized him wanted education and social services to be run by governement. -
State Interventionism
After Duplessis died, Jean Lesage, who advocated state interventionism obtained power in the Quebec governement. The state took over of education, health and social services. It also played a role in the culture of the province. In 1961, school was made free and was mandatory until age 15. In 1964, the ministry of education was created and the catholic church lost its educational power. The school boards remain protestant and catholic. -
Radical Quebec Nationalists
Some nationalists wanted more radical changes. They had means of expressing themselves other than forming a political party (Front de Liberation du Quebec.) They believed the only way to become independent was through military means. They were anti colonial and socialist. Once they even kidnapped an english journalist and killed someone to protest Quebec being part of Canada. -
State's Intervention in Culture
The Quebec government began to intervene in it's culture to encourage creative activities like visual arts, music, theatre, literature and communications. Television broadcasting and film broadcasting agencies emerged. In 1961, the government, set up a film board as the provincial counterpart of National Film Board of Canada. Expo '67 and the olympics of 1976 were held in Montreal to bring attention to Quebec and to diversify the province. -
Feminism From 1960 to 1980
In the '60s, women wanted more rights, like working rights, groups were formed to demand these things. In 70s and 80s feminism diversified to other types of discrimination like colour, sexual orientation, age, appearance, physical disability and poverty.
The FLF, a women's rights group that was considered radical, were inspired by socialism and struggles against colonialism.They campaigned for Quebec’s independence, which they believed was inseparable from women’s liberation. -
Aboriginalism
Beginning in the 1970s, Natives began to assert themselves as a nation.Large Hydroelectric projects in the 60s and 70s required flooding Aboriginal land, they hoped Quebec and Canada would recognize their rights and consider their point of view. The Quebec government signed the JBQNA in 1975, promising to consult Inuits and Innus regarding everything that concerned their tribe's culture and land. Reserves were made for natives and work in the land would be done by natives if they were qualified -
RIN and SAM
In the 1960s, the idea that Quebec was it's own nation spread across the province. The RIN and the SAM were created to promote quebec nationalism. RIN was inspired by the decolonization movements in Africa. RIN believed in the french language and culture, but also socialism. In 1967, Renee Leveque founded the SAM which supported Quebec being it's own country, but it would still have economic links to Canada. The groups united in 1968, making the PQ. -
Neoliberalism
In the 1980s and 1990s, the idea that the government shouldn't intervene in the economy and let it run on it's own spread across Quebec. This helped make Quebec more competitive globally. -
Oka Crisis
In 1990, a golf course wanted to expand, but in order to do that, they had to build in a Mohawk reserve. Mohawks were upset about this and protested against the golf course. They were fighting for their rights and wanted the government to acknowledge them.The Canadian Army was called in to protect locals and fight against the warriors. -
Referendums
The PQ held two referendums, one in 1980 and one in 1995, to get permission from the population of Quebec to negotiate independence from Canada. On may 20th 1980, 59.44% of the population refused to give the PQ that mandate. The second on October 30th 1995, 50.58% of the people refused. So Quebec stayed part of Canada.
