-
Nov 18, 1500
First Occupants
The first occupants believed in three different types of manifest in their culture. Spirituality:
-Believed in shaminism(Witch doctor)
-Believed in certain myths and legends.
-Had dream catchers to make their dreams come true. Social relationships:
-Had a great respect for elders.
-Followed their traditions
-There was no written laws, no private property Nature:
-They believed in Animism (Respect for nature/all living things have a soul)
-Believed in the circle of life -
Period: Nov 18, 1500 to
Culture and Currents of thought
-
The Divine Right of Kings (Part 1)
The king had say on ideas and culture under the french regime. He had all the power. King Louis 14th was gaining control in Europe but his colony of New France was still not as great, it wasn’t developing its economy or population, and it was dealing with constant Iroquois attacks. -
Period: to
French Regime
-
The Devine Right of Kings (Part 2)
Louis hired around 1200 well-trained soldiers to go to New France.
Next, he made changes to the political situation. Under the old system, the companies who held a monopoly were destroying New France. The king stopped the monopoly in New France with the help of the Minister of Marine(At the time Jean-Baptiste Colbert). He and Louis Decided to implement the Royal Government in 1663. -
Catholicism (Part 1)
Catholicism had a big influence on culture.
IN NEW FRANCE:
Disobedience = EX Communicated The Clergy was everywhere:
Priests in charge of cure, Priests working as missionaries, Nuns in hospitals, Nuns working in schools.
Future priest were trained in a seminary. Only the smartest BOYS went Money to make this came from the church tax (The Tithe)
Most people were extremely religious, It was important to their lives -
Catholicism (Part 2)
Church played a key role in a lot of behavior
The Church spread its ideas by controlling education in the colony.
They were the teachers.
The first school was established by Marguerite Bourgeoys -
The independent spirit and adaptability of the Canadiens (Part 1)
There was an influence of spiritualaity that was adopted
Settlers had good lives, but it was work. There was work every day; Caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter. Because New France was not developing, settlers became self-dependent, Life was different from France, where you had small amount of rich, and massive number of poor.
In New France the people were autonomous. By 1760 grew to become a group of people called Canadiens
(13 colonies became Americans). -
The independent spirit and adaptability of the Canadiens (Part 2)
It is no surprise that these people would stay here after the British Conquest. CLASSES
Nobility/Elite (Governor)
Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (Seigneurs)
Peasants/Habitant (censitaires )
Why did this happen? The king of France had less control. The Aboriginals developed an independent spirit and sense of freedom. No police did what they wanted. A lot of workers lived with natives. Mostly voyageurs and Courier de Bois got to choose their way of life -
Period: to
British Rule
-
Liberalism
a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all areas of human endeavor. Where governmental also guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. -Diffusion of liberal ideas by the newspapers.
-Development of parliamentarism (the system of parliamentary government)
-Reflection of liberal ideas in architecture. -
Ultramontanism
the policy of the party in the Roman Catholic Church that favors increasing and enhancing the power and authority of the pope. -Making sure that everyone is obedient to the catholic religion.
-Church seeks to increase and extend its influence in all areas of life. (Social, political, cultural, etc) -
Anticlericalism
In anticlericalism, they say that the church should have no say in your life outside of church stuff. It is the opposite of Ultramontanism. Advocating the separation of church and state. Which means don't let the church influence your daily life, which is what we have today. They want a promotion of more democratic regime. -
Imperialism
Imperialism is the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies. They use:
-Architectural influence.
-Parliamentary political organisation. -
How the Government Functions: THE BASICS
-It is a constitutional Monarchy: Queen & Governor General only have power. -Parliamentary Democracy: Laws pass through the parliament, who the members are elected. 3 levels of Government: Federal, Provincial, Municipal
(EACH HAS 3 FUNCTIONS) Executive: Makes decisions about administration. Power => Cabinet (federal). Legislative: Makes or puts laws, imposes taxes. Power=> House of Commons, (federal) Judicial: Makes sure laws are applied. Judges appointed by cabinet for life. (federal) -
Federal System Positions
Head of State (Queen) Governor General Parliament Senate, (Upper House) House of Commons, (Lower House) Ministers Government Prime Minister Cabinet Opposition Minority Government Speaker Courts -
Period: to
Contemporary Period
-
Imperialism
Imperialism is the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies. Ex: (Loyalists, Canada being forced into WWI, ex.) It was a spread of the British ideas (imperialists) in newspapers and stories. This made leeway for the foundation of the newspaper le Devoir to protest against imperialism. -
Capitalism
An economic system in which investment in and ownership of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and controlled by private individuals or corporations. They wanted: -Construction of buildings (homes, head offices) by capitalists who made part of the architectural heritage. -Diffusion of capitalist ideas, (ways of private property) by the mainstream press owned by businessmen -Appearance of literary works that depict economic drops (Bonheur d'occasion, Les Plouffe...) -
Socialism
Socialism is a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. Some question the spread of capitalism through labour movements, student movements and in independent magazines. -
Agriculturism
Agriculturism is the push to support farmers/farming It is executed by the valorisation of rural, community and parish life in novels, (Un homme et son péché, Maria Chapdelaine, Le Survenant, Menaud, Maître Draveur, etc.) Also by the creation of community groups such as Le Cercle des fermières and spread of their ideas in a magazine. -
Nationalismes (Part 1)
Nationalismes in its largest sense, is a devotion to one's own nation and its interests over those of all other nations Britain exercised imperialism by controlling a vast number of colonies all over the world. Along with the other world superpowers they build massive empires. Britain expected its colonies to obey and follow it’s commands, this wasn’t always the case. In Canada, some people wanted to follow Britain some did not. -
Nationalism (Part 2)
French-Canadian Nationalism:
They did not want to support Britain, wanted to protect French interests (language, education, rights) their views were spread via newspapers (Le Devoir, Henri Bourassa) English-Canadian Nationalism:
They liked the English way, (language, politics) they wanted to support Britain but wanted Canada to operate independently. Neo-Nationalism:
(new wave of nationalism)
It started in the 1960's and spread by artists(Gilles Vigneault, Félix Leclerc, Paul Piché, etc.) -
Lacism
Laicism is a non clerical, or secular, control of political and social institutions in a society -
Feminism
Feminism is the were the roles of women was hard. Married young, produced many children over 10 was the norm.
Women were forced to do as their husbands commanded
Long days of work
They had few rights(not allowed to vote), minimal education.
One escape was to become a nun. WWI made an opening for women. All the men at war, so some women worked in factories and some as nurses. The result was women got the right to vote in Federal election (first only family in 1917) then both in 1918. -
Influence of Roman Catholic Church
Influence of Roman Catholic Church in Quebec
After 1837 the bishops became more and more powerful, the cures became the most important person in the parish.
Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths.
Controlling education (Laval University 1852)
Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals
Roman Catholic. Church attendance was very high
Ministers still influential but not as powerful as Roman Catholic.
Protestant Universities: McGill(1821), Bishops(1843) -
Cooperatism
Cooperatism between nations and people This was the birth of different groups who favored equality and collaboration
(American Unions like the Knights of Labor, the Caisses populaires, Catholic Union of Cultivators). -
Fascism
Fascism is the idea that a dictator one person should control the entire country. They normally rule through the use of propaganda/force. This was adopted in Spain and Italy, but brought to an extreme in Germany by the Nazi’s lead by Adolf Hitler. Small-scale dissemination of fascist ideas from Europe (Adrien Arcand, journalist and head of the Parti National social chrétien [Christian National Socialist Party] spreads his ideas in newspapers). -
Americanism
Americanism is the emergence of American cultural trends:
Dance (charleston), music (jazz) and spread of American culture through films, radio and télévision. To counter American influences, the church spreads ideas of traditional Catholic culture through music (la bonne chanson), media and education. The most influence was through media of the American Culture. -
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is the new wave of liberalism
"Hand off Goverment!* Neoliberalism advocated the removal of the state in various spheres of society. Active opposition to socialist groups wanting to maintain intervention of the state. -
Aboriginalism
Aboriginalism was the claims for ancestral rights and recognition of aboriginal identity through tradition culture
Example: (writings, languages, music, éducation, etc). -
Native Issues
In the summer of 1990, Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto the native land. The natives militarily organized themselves, it got so bad that the Canadian Forces came in to handle the situation. This crisis lasted 78 days! The stand-off finally came to an end without armed conflict. However the issues remained.
The Charlottetown Accord was made to deal with these issues.
