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Nov 3, 1500
First occupants
The culture of these different groups was closely related to the environment in which they live. The material production and cultural practices of the first occupants were also influenced by their conception of the world, their values, beliefs and their spirituality. Finally, it was impacted through their social relationships and exchanges with other nations. -
Nov 3, 1500
Environment
Aboriginal peoples had great respect for their environment because they recognized it was the reason that they were able to survive. They had great respect for nature. They only took what was needed. -
Nov 3, 1500
Social Relationships
The respect for Elders, Traditions, Freedom of actions - no written laws or private property -
Nov 3, 1500
Social Relationships: Chiefs
Someone who represents the tribe
Usually the strongest hunter
Everyone makes the decisions together
Iroquois chiefs were also required to demonstrate qualities that the group valued. They had to be excellent warriors, as well as good orators. -
Nov 3, 1500
Social Relationships: Chiefs
Aboriginal nations’ chiefs were not rulers who imposed their decisions and will on those they ruled; rather, they were spokespersons responsible or representing their group and - in the case of Iroquoian nations - to put into practice the decisions made by clan or nation representatives. -
Nov 3, 1500
Aboriginal Spirituality
The spirits of the living as well as those inanimate objects were immortal. They took special care of animals that they had just killed because they believe that the reason they had been able to kill the animal was that it had given itself to them. To avoid the disfavour of these spirits, Aboriginal peoples tried to appease them in a variety of ways. The Huron’s had a ritual that consisted of making offerings of tobacco to the spirits. Dreams and smoke to Communicate with Spirits. -
Nov 3, 1500
Aboriginal Spirituality
The shaman was an intermediary between aboriginal peoples and the spirits whose goodwill they hoped to attract.
The shaman would be called upon to explain the meaning of a dream that the dreamer could not understand
Shama were considered to be people who had special access to the world of spirits, which showed themselves to the shaman more frequently and more clearly.Shaman, like chiefs, could not impose their will on the group. -
Nov 3, 1500
Communication and exchange
To communicate between one another the Aboriginal use:
- Oral Traditions
- Song and Dance
- Ceremonies/Feasts -
Nov 3, 1500
Cultural Consequences of the Encounter with the Europeans
The Europeans brought with them tools and utensils made of iron, steel and brass. From this time, these objects gradually became integrated into Aboriginal material culture. For example, brass pots, which were more durable than pottery, eventually everyday food preparation. Following their encounter with the Europeans, groups adopted the wearing of wool and cotton, which they integrated into their clothing. -
French Regime
The French imported many elements of their culture, including the Catholic religion. This state religion, which the French tried to impose on the Aboriginal peoples through missions, had a significant influence on the colony’s social organization and culture. The colony was also under royal absolutism, which characterized the political organization of France. -
Absolutism in the Colony
Royal absolutism was manifested mostly through the control the exerted over the chartered companies to which he granted exploitation monopolies. These companies had to answer to the king, who had the power to dissolve them. The extent of the powers to dissolve them. The extent of the powers of the governor and the intendant, who were appointed by the king, were also indicative of royal absolutism. -
Absolutism in the Colony
Royal absolutism also left its mark on the visual landscape of the colony. The doors of the fortifications of Quebec City were decorated with the coat of arms of the French monarchy. -
The Development of the Partisan Press After 1791
In 1792, the first elections in Lower Canada were held. A Canadien majority was elected. In the Legislative Assembly, tensions between Canadien and British representatives quickly became apparent, especially with respect to the language to be used in the House. The growing opposition lead to the formation of two parties, the Parti Canadien and the British Party. These parties attacked one another not only in the House, but also in newspapers, encouraging the development of the partisan press. -
The Development of the Partisan Press After 1791
The Quebec Mercury, a conservative, English-language newspaper started in 1805, defended the interest of the British merchants. The paper encouraged the fusion of the two Canadas to put the Canadiens in minority, as well as the end of the French civil war. -
Nationalism and Republicanism in 1830s
The Patriotes republicanism was connected to nationalism. Language, culture and French origin were considered the main characteristics of the Canadien. These cultural nationalists were joined by English-speaking colonists (mostly Irish Catholics) in their demands for political reforms. -
Nationalism and Republicanism in 1830s
The Patriotes republicanism was connected to nationalism. Language, culture and French origin were considered the main characteristics of the Canadien. These cultural nationalists were joined by English-speaking colonists (mostly Irish Catholics) in their demands for political reforms. -
British Regime
The Conquest entailed a change of empire and transformed the social makeup of the colony, to which a growing number of British people were immigrating. These changes went hand-in-hand with the spread of new intellectual movements such as liberalism and nationalism. -
British Regime
The 1837-1838 uprisings, and the subsequent passing of the Act of Union in 1849, enabled the Church to increase its influence over the colonial society. The heightened presence and influence of the Church promoted expression of ultramontanism, which led to the transformation of nationalism and liberalism. -
Conciliation and Collaboration from 1840 to 1860
The Catholic Church had benefited from privileges under the French but now British authorities had to modify their policies to suit the colony’s reality. The objective of the Royal Proclamation and instructions sent by the king in 1763 to Governor Murray was to make the Canadiens british colonists and, therefore, Anglophones and Anglicans. -
Conciliation and Collaboration from 1840 to 1860
British government had to make concessions in order to secure loyalty to the Crown. Catholic clergy and Canadien nobility whom they regarded as the population’s elite, capable of influencing and exerting some authority over the people. To this end, the new leaders decided to only partially implement the Royal Proclamation, and allowed for a bishop to be appointed in Quebec City in 1766. -
Conciliation and Collaboration from 1840 to 1860
This appointment made the ordination of priests in the colony possible from then onward, and ensured the Catholic Church’s survival. Between 1774 and 1776 (American Revolution) the church threatened excommunication for all Canadiens who offered support to the rebel army. -
The Church, Education and Social Services
Denominational school system was established. Remained in place until the Quiet Revolution. The Catholic Church was involved in all levels of education, from elementary. school to university, which was reached only after first attending classical college. Education was not compulsory at the time. But the literacy rate among the French Canadian population increased. -
The Church, Education and Social Services (continuation)
Higher education remained accessible to only a minority of people, and girls were not admitted. The few schools, run by nuns, that were open to the girls concentrated on domestic life. The Church imposed its values by way of these instructions. -
Ultramontanism from 1840 to 1867
The failure of the 1837-1838 rebellions and the adoption of the Act of Union in 1840 had an influence on ideas that circulated in the colony.
The creation of United Canada made French Canadians a minority politically, and English became the colony's only official language. After 1840, the Catholic Church relied on ultramontanism to increase its power and it became more and more influential. The Church also wanted to insert itself into all parts of life in the colony. -
Ultramontanism from 1840 to 1867
The creation of United Canada made French Canadians a minority politically, and English became the colony's only official language. After 1840, the Catholic Church relied on ultramontanism to increase its power and it became more and more influential. The Church also wanted to insert itself into all parts of life in the colony. -
The Church and the Development of Ultramontanism
The bishop of Montreal obtained permission to summon new monks and nuns from France. It increased the number of Church representatives in the colony. Ultramontanists believed that Catholics should leave not only religious and moral matters, but also those concerning culture and politics, up to the Church. -
Anticleratism after 1840
Despite the growth of ultramontanism, some individuals continued to follow liberal ideology. In 1844, young professionals and intellectuals in Montreal founded the Institut Canadien de Montreal , a place for intellectual discussion. It had a library where Francophones could read local and foreign newspapers and borrow books on various subjects. -
First Canadian Nationalism
In the second half of the 19th century, French Canadian nationalism remained survival nationalism. Concerned about the exodus of French Canadians to the United States, the leaders of the province saw a return to the land as a solution. AGRICULTURALISM surfaced through the adoption of various measures aimed at modernizing agriculture and encouraging the opening of new regions to colonization. -
The Early 20th Century
The invention of motion pictures. The first movie theatre in Montreal in 1906, by 1933 Quebec had 134 theatres, where films as well as news programs were shown. In 1919, Montreal was the first city in the world to inaugurate a radio station. Expansion of Sports teams -
Canadian Imperialism in the early 20th century
Convinced that the sense of belonging to Canada should manifest itself in both founding nations, Henri Bourassa thought that Canadians should unite to defend Canada’s autonomy with regard to Great Britain. Imperialists viewed Canada as part of the British Empire and believed that English should be the only official language, and Protestantism the only official religion in Canada. -
Socialism
There was meant to be a critique of capitalist industrial development. Socialists were against the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. No private ownership. -
Communism
Wanted the end of the capitalist system and social classes by sharing the means of production. -
Fascism
Promoted the restoration of a traditional order by authoritarian means. Ethnicity: some nations were superior to others. Required an all-powerful leader. Military life and discipline. -
French Canadian Nationalism
Following the Great Depression, French Canadian nationalism turned toward criticizing the social and cultural effects of capitalism and industrialism development. The nationalists thus brought back into force the themes of survival: family, religion and agriculture. -
Church Conservation
Catholic Church promoted a traditional way of life and values it judged essential for the survival of the identity and culture of French Canada. In the 1920s, the bishop published several letters in which they condemned dancing, movies and theatre. -
Feminism and Reformism
The Catholic Church and the supporters of survival nationalism weren’t alone in rejecting feminist demands. In 1922, a petition asking the government to not grant women the right to vote was published in the newspaper. Close to 45,000 women signed it. Despite this opposition, women obtained the right to vote at the federal level in 1918, and provincial level in Quebec in 1940. -
State Intervention after 1960
The death of Maurice Duplessis in 1959 allowed governments who advocated Interventionism to obtain power. The state took control of education, health and social services, and also became active in the area of culture -
Aboriginalism
The Aboriginal peoples hoped that Quebec and Canada would recognize their rights and consider their point of view, interests and cultural characteristics. From these hopes, the provincial government signed the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975, and promised to consult the Inuit and that Innus regarding everything that concerned them.
