Culture #3 timeline.

Animism is the name given to the aboriginals' belief system. It is having respect for nature and the belief that everything has a spirit. They do not waste any food and they make use of everything they kill.

The shaman is an aboriginal who interprets the dreams because he is the one who has the best “knowledge” or closest relationship with the spirits. The aboriginals will think that their dream is reality and will prepare themselves according to what the shaman tells them. The shaman was an intermediary between Aboriginal peoples and the spirits whose goodwill they hoped to attract. The shaman would be called upon to explain the meaning of a dream that the dreamer could not understand.

Absolutism is a political ideology, where by the ruler was said to receive his or her power directly from god and was god’s representative on earth. Before 1663, royal absolutism was manifested mostly through the control the king exerted over the chartered companies to which he granted exploitation monopolies.These companies had to answer to the king, who had the power to dissolve them. Royal Absolutism had also left its mark on the visual landscape of the colony.

Representatives of the Catholic church (missionaries and Jesuits) were present from the beginning of colonization. They came to convert Aboriginal peoples to the Catholic faith, to instruct the population and to make New France a Catholic society. The church had absolute power and not obeying would result in excommunication. Some rules were such that priests were in charge of parishes, priests worked as missionaries, nuns worked in hospitals and schools and Sunday was a no work day.

Under the French Regime, the church had all power. Not obeying the church would result in excommunication. Excommunication was getting kicked out of catholicism and as a result you would not go to heaven, you would go to hell.

Under the constitutional monarchy, the following fundamental rights were assured by law.Sharing of power between the monarch and the people, the right to be represented in Parliament, Habeas Corpus and freedom of expression and of the press. British merchants wanted their rights to be respected. However, they denied the rights to Canadians since they weren't protestants. Catholics did not have the right to be represented in Parliament unless they gave up their religion and took the Test Oath.

Nationalism is a political ideology that identifies a nation as a group of individuals who share common characteristics. The failure of liberal reform demands lead to a radicalization of ideas among Parti Patriote members, leading to a republicanism. The republicanism was connected to nationalism. Language, culture and french origin were considered the main characteristics of the canadian. These cultural nationalists were joined by english-speaking colonists demanding for political reforms.

Ultramontanism is a political and religious doctrine where the Catholic church dominates in every way including political power.
Failure of the 1837 to 1838 rebellions and the adoption of the Act of Union in 1840 had an influence on ideas that circulated in the colony.
The creation of united Canada made French Canadians a minority. English became the official language. After 1840, the Catholic Church relied on ultramontanism to increase its power and to become more and more influential.

Liberal ideas spread, thanks to the press and soon turned into political demands. These demands were formulated by the British-merchants among others who had immigrated to the colony after the Conquest, but also by some Canadian professionals and merchants who followed liberal ideas. During the 1830’s some Canadians adopted a radical position, which led to rebellions. In Great Britain, liberalism was at the origin of the constitutional monarchy and parliamentarism.

They were of the opinion that the clergy had no right to meddle in political life, or censor cultural and intellectual life, known as anticlericalism. In 1844, young professionals and intellectuals in Montreal founded the Institut Canadien de Montreal, a place for intellectual discussion. It had a library where Francophones could read newspapers and borrow books.This offended the church. In 1858, the bishop requested members to conform to Church degrees, which caused some to leave the institut.

In 1792, the first elections in Lower Canada were held. A Canadian majority was elected. In the legislative assembly, tensions between Canadian and British representatives became quickly apparent, especially with respect to the language to be used in the House.
The growing opposition lead to the formation of two parties, the Parti Canadien and the British party. These parties attacked one another not only in the House, but also in newspapers, encouraging the development of the partisan press.

In canada responsible government is more commonly described as an executive or Cabinet that is dependant on the support of an elected assembly, rather than on the monarch. Le Canadien, a french newspaper defended their demands. The paper promoted reformist liberalism. To do that was to reform already-existing institutions, this was done through the establishment of a responsible government.

An ideology that advocates the political, cultural, economic and/or military domination exerted by the Mother Country on the Colony. Imperialists viewed Canada as part of the British Empire and believed that English should be the only official language, and Protestantism the only official religion in Canada.

Social Reformism is an ideology that encourages social change that fights poverty and other consequences of industrialization.Charitable associations start up, made up of women from the British business class and French Canadian Bourgeoisie. Women were viewed traditionally. They concerned themselves with education and health. Reformist women saw this social involvement as part of their duties.

Fascism is the need to return to traditional order, through a supreme leader and military rule. It promoted the restoration of a traditional order by an authoritarian mean; ethnicity, some nations were superior to others, required an all-powerful leader and military life and discipline. Because of communism and socialism there are some positive changes for example unions before World War 2.

Capitalism is rich merchants/companies opening a business with the goal of making as much profit as possible. Industrial development required the investment of large amounts of capital as well as an abundant labour force to work cheaply. Capitalism and industrialization left their mark on the cities, which began to be divided into districts based on socioeconomics, language, identity and culture.

Neoliberalism is an ideology that advocated a laissez-faire approach to economics, emerged in Quebec during this period to address concerns about the province’s competitiveness in the global economy.

Aboriginal people began to assert their concept of the nation.
Large hydroelectric projects of the 1960’s and 1970’s required the flooding of lands necessary for maintaining the traditional way of life.
They hoped Canada would recognize their rights. The provincial government signed the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975, and promised to consult the Inuit and that Innus regarding everything that concerned them.

Women couldn’t vote since they were considered minors, so they added Feminist views to their demands. Women were given the right to vote at the federal level in 1918 because this was right after the war. The demands of the feminist reformists clashed with numerous opponents who considered the education of women and the granting of political and legal rights as a threat to the social order. Despite this opposition, women obtained the right to vote at the provincial level of quebec in 1914.

Americanism is American ideas prevalent in Canadian Culture. New habits of consumption. (clothing, appliances, etc.) start to develop.
In 1952, the invention of TV prompted a great number of families to buy a TV set along with dances, music, & theatre shows. While TV spread American culture, it also encourages the broadcasting of local cultural productions, such as soap operas.

Secularism is separating the church and state. Nationalization and secularization of Education Jean Lesage’s Liberal provincial government, elected in 1960, introduced a series of measures.
In 1961, school attendance was made free and compulsory up to the age of 15. In 1964, the year the Ministry of Education was created, the Catholic Church lost its stronghold on Education. However, the education system remained confessional, school boards were either Catholic or Protestant.

Newspapers made information easily accessible. Business could then resort to newspapers to publish advertising in order to encourage readers to consume their products. Several things developed such as: The invention of motion pictures, the radio and the expansion of sports teams (lacrosse, hockey). In 1919, Montreal was the first city in the world to inaugurate a radio station.

Cooperatism allows the pooling of savings in order to raise the capital necessary for rural development. For example, Caisses populaires Desjardins. In order to raise the capital necessary for rural development, they counted on Cooperatism (co-ops), which would allow for the pooling of savings. French Canadian nationalists judged capitalism to be the cause of social injustices and moral ills related to industrialization.

Socialism is no private ownership of businesses, meant to be a critique of capitalist industrial development, socialists were against the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. Meant to be a critique of capitalist industrial development and no private ownership was allowed. Socialism was against capitalism.

Communism was an extreme form of socialism. Communism wanted the end of the capitalist system and social class by sharing means of production. For example the Young Communist League of Canada in 1923. They devoted themselves to the union movement in defense of workers.

Agriculturalism is the idea of modernizing agriculture and encouraging the opening of new regions to colonization in Quebec. Agriculturalism incorporated several elements. In its simplest form, it could be defined as an unbounded love for agriculture.