Culture

Shamanism

1500

Shamanism is a practice that the Natives used to reach altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with a spirit. The shaman would be called upon to explain the meaning of a dream that the dreamer could not understand. Shamans were people who had special access to the world of spirits. They could not impose their will on the group. Communication and exchange: Oral Tradition, Song and Dance, Ceremonies/ feasts

Devine right of king

1608

Absolutism is a political ideology which means that the ruler received his or her power directly from God's representative on earth. The King and the churche are closly realated due to this ideology. . Since the king represents God on earth, nobody could contest or challenge the will of God.

Conversion of Natives(Ville-Marie)

1608

In 1608 Chomedey-de-Maisonneuve founded Ville-Marieand had . goal to convert the Natives to the Catholic religion and the European way of life. The evangelization of the Amerindians was one of the missions of Ultramontanism.

Catholicism

1615

Catholicism is the belief and values of the Catholic Church. The Church had a lot of power over the population. They were responsible for education, health care and hospitals, poor and orphans. Their goal was to convert the Amerindians to Catholicism.

Founding of the Collège des Jésuites

1635

During the French régime, two Québec City institutions took charge of which of one was The Collège des Jésuites a school for elite boys.

Founding of the Grand Séminaire

1663

During the French régime, two Québec City institutions took charge of higher education in New France which of one was the Grand Séminaire a school to train priests.

Publication of the Catechism

1702

The Catholic Church published the "Catechism du Diocese de Quebec". This was a book made to express the teachings of the Catholic faith and its practices. It was first printed in France then began to be printed in New France.

British conquest

1760

The conquest entailed a change of empire and transformed the social makeup of the colony, to which a growing number of British people were immigrating. With them came huge changes

Creation of the Gazette

1764

The Quebec Gazette was first created by William Brown and Thomas Gilmore in 1764. It was printed in both English and French for both Anglophones and Francophones can enjoy. After the Quebec Gazette came the Montreal Gazette that was created in 1775 and was printed in English only. The Gazette would talk about liberal ideas and criticized Catholicism and the clergy's teachings. This newspaper was the voice of Canadian liberal supporters.

Liberalism in Lower Canada

1780

Liberalism meant that all individuals are equal and have basic rights. These rights being placed on religious, economic, cultural and political freedom. Liberalism was there to give the population the right to live with freedom and be to be safe.These rights were guaranteed by a constitution. These rights helped Canadians to start to regain their identity.

Ultramontanism

1840

Ultramontanism is a belief, where the Catholic church dominated religious, political, cultural and moral matters of the world. When the Act of Union merged upper and lower Canada together it made French Catholics the minority. The Catholic church relied on ultramontanism to increase it's power and influence over the population. In the 1840s, the Bishop of Montreal got permission to bring monks and nuns from France. Due to this, the number of clergy members in the colony increased.

Anticlericalism

1844

The idea was that the clergy shouldn’t be involved in political life, so it was opposed to Ultramontanism. Taking away the power of the church so this meant freedom of your own decision and rules.
Anticlericalism was the idea of separation of church and state.
Promotion of a more democratic regime. Let everyone have a say.
To combat this the number of Church representatives in the colony is increased.

Capitalism

1870

Capitalism is an economic system that encourages the concentration
of wealth and the control of the means of production by a small number of people, as well as free competition.

Feminist

1893

Feminism is a movement that slowly began to become serious at the end of the 19th century. The first step in this movement was that women obtained the right to vote in 1918 in the federal elections. The woman in Quebec were allowed to vote in provincial elections as soon as 1940. After World War II, women claimed political rights and objected to the traditional vision of society in which men dominated. In 1955, birth control pills gave women more control of their bodies.

Communism

1920

Communism is an ideology that became popular in Canada, USA and Europe after that crash of the stock market in 1929 and the subsequent crisis. This ideology had a goal to take away private property and indidualism with collective property and equality

Cooperatism

1920

Thanks to agriculturalism, farming increased. New farming machinery was developed but was too expensive. Farmers decided to pool their money together and buy machinery to share. This work under the fundamentals of cooperatism. The Caisses Desjardins is a financial cooperative that was founded for the farmers to obtain funds and invest in farming equipment. In cooperatism, everyone is equal and everyone has a fair share.

Birth of fascism

1921

Fascism is an ideology that believes one ethnicity is superior to another and so that group is the only one who should have control. Fascism happened in Europe during WWI and came to Canada around 1921. It promotes tradition, totalitarianism and extreme nationalism. Hitler's attempt to terminate the Jewish religion is an example of example of fascism

Agriculturalism

1930

When the stock market crash in the 1930s, capitalism, and industrialization were the two main consequences, so the themes of survival, family, religion, and agriculture came back to French Canadian Nationalists. Agricultural was used to counter-urbanization, families would move to rural areas and start farms. In order to raise the capital needed for the farms, they would put all their money together.

Socialism

1930

Socialism is the idea that everything belongs to society. It criticized capitalism and was against private ownership. Communism is an extreme version of socialism. The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation was founded by socialists. They wanted greater control of public services by the government and not by the wealthy.

Americanism

1945

Due to the success of economy in the1950's, working-class families' ways of life improved thanks to Americanism. Due to the fact that salaries increased they adopted new habits of consumption and it allowed them to purchase surplus goods. Influenced by the purchasing habits of the Americans, they could purchase goods such as televisions, radios, and cars; they were living the American lifestyle.

Secularism

1948

Secularism was the idea that Church and State should be separated. Because of this, the Chruch experienced a rapid loss of power. They were now only responsible for all spiritual matter; no longer all education, social works, and health care. The Ministy of Education of Quebec was created and implemented new regulations within schools. Primary and secondary schooling was now free and compulsory as well as the creation of CEGEPS and a loan/bursuri system.

Aboriginalism

1980

The aboriginal people started demanding respect for their culture as soon as they realized it was slowly being taken away from them. Their main objectives were to preserve their culture, maintain tradition, protect Aboriginal territories as well as their resources and language, for future generations to come.

Neoliberalism

1985

In the 1980s and 1990s, the main idea was that the government shouldn't get involved in the economy and let it run on it's own spread across Quebec. This idea would later help Quebec be more competitive in the world.

The Oka Crisis

1990

First Native people started opposing certain projects, including the construction of certain hydroelectric dams, which would destroy ancestral hunting grounds. This turns violent with the Oka Crisis in 1990, where the expansion of a golf course threatened ancestral Mohawk land. The standoff lasted 3 months, and ends with the arrests of Mohawks

Referendums

Nov 18, 1995

The PQ held two referendums, in 1980 and 1995. The goal of both these referendums was to get permission from the population of Quebec to negotiate independence from Canada. On may, 20th 1980, about 59% of the population refused this vote. The second vote happened on October 30th, 1995, and this time 50.58% of the people refused. In result, Quebec had no choice and needed to stay apart of Canada.