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CHARLES IV
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Napoleonic invasion
The presence of French troops in Spanish territory. The eldest son of Charles IV, against his father led to the popular Mutiny of Aranjuez (1808). Godoy resigned and the king abdicated in favour of his son, Ferdinand VII.
Napoleon persuade Charles IV and Ferdinand VII to give the Spanish Crown to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte (abdications of Bayonne).
Joseph I (1810-1813), with the supoort of some Spanish liberals (afrancesados), tried to introduce part of the liberal revolutionary programme. -
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JOSEPH I BONAPARTE
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PENINSULAR WAR
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Independence of the Spanish-American colonies
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Constitution of Cádiz
In 1810, the Central Supreme Junta was established to coordinate the efforts of varios local and provincial Juntas. The Junta convened a Cortes of Cadiz, a city that was not occupied by the French, with the aim of drafting a constitution.
The Contitution, adopted in 1812, established nation sovereignty, the separation of powers, universal mal suffrage and recognised broad individual freedoms. -
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FERDINAND VII
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Restoration
Ferdinand VII repealed the Constitution of 1812 and the reforms proposed by the Cádiz Cortes. Spain returned to absolutism.
Liberals who had hoped for a constitutional monarchy, were persecuted. So groups of liberals organised pronunciamientos demanding the reinstatement of the Constitution, but they were not successful. -
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RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTISM
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Triennium
A pronunciamiento led by Colonel Rafael del Diego was successful, and the king was forced to reinstate the Constitution of 1812. The National Militia, made up of armed liberal volunteers, was created to defend the Constitution and oppose absolutism. -
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Ominous Decade
The war against the French had made Spain bankrupt, an the independence of the colonies in the Americas caused a major loss of revenue. A fiscal reform that would make the privilaged classes pay taxes was proposed to overcome the economic crisis. This economis crisis intensified with the birth of Isabella, who was prevented from reining because of the Salic Law. -
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ISABELLA II
The building of the liberal state began in Spain when Isabella II was a child. It was institutionalised during the Moderate Decade and experienced a crisis that began in 1856. -
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Minor (Regency of MC)
Maria Christina suported the moderate liberals, who began making small reforms. A series of military uprisings and popular revolts forced her to hand power over to the progressive liberals. -
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I Carlist War
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CONSTRUCTION OF THE LIBERAL STATE
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Contitution of 1837
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Moderate Decade
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Constitution of 1845
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Biennium
Vicálvaro pronunciamiento led by General O'Donnell, brought the progressive liberals to power. The National Militia fought in the Vicalvarada and revolutionay Juntas were formed. -
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Crisis of Isabella's rule
Isabella's reign deteriorated as an economic crisis led to further social unrest and a new military revolt. -
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PROVISIONAL GOVERMENT
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SEXENIO DEMOCRÁTICO
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Constitution of 1869
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Amadeo I
Who was from a liberal monarchy that had contributed to the unification of Italy, was chosen to take the throne. A few days before his arrival, his main supporter, General Prim, was assassinated. -
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II Carlist War
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First Republic
The Republic had four presidents: -Figueras
-Pi y Margall
-Salmerón
-Castelar -
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BOURBON RESTORATION
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ALFONSO XII
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Constitution of 1876
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ALFONSO XIII
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Cuban and Philippine Wars