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Spain’s Conflicts
By 1560 Calvinists & Catholics become militant religions. King Philip II was the saon of Charles V and the king of Spain. He was the biggest supporter of militant Catholicism. He focused on uniting his father’s lands in Spain, Neth., Italy, Am., and regaining lands in Muslim areas. Under Philip II, Spain saw itself as a nation chosen by God to save Catholic from the heretical Protestant. He was uccessful in Middle east and with their own Spainish Jews but not so much with other area -
Protestant England
Elizabeth Tudor “Elizabeth I”, “Virgin Queen” took over after her 1/2 sister “Bloody Mary” in 1558. Set up the foundation for England to become a world empire. Followed a moderate Protestant which kept most happy. Kept Spain and France equal by helping whichever side was losing. But it eventually lead to a conflict with Spain. -
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Philip wanted to overthrow Protestant. 1599 Philip II sends an armada a fleet of warships to attack England. It wasn't as big as he would of liked it to be. His fleet is defeated by faster England ships. And the ships that did survive were wrecked even more by storms on the N. route home. Philip had spent too much money on war and Spain had now lost its place as the great power in Europe. England and France now had that position. -
French Wars of Religion
In 1562-1598 they attempt to persecute Protestants but did little. Huguenots were France Protestant influenced by John Calvin. They were only about 7% of the pop. of France but 40-50% of nobility became Huguenots which made it a political threat. They fought with the ‘ultra-Catholics’ that strongly opposed the Huguenots in France. Henry of Navarre was Protestant and realized he would never be accepted by catholic France. He issued Edict of Nantes it made Catholic official religion of France -
Social Crisis, War, and Revolution
By 1600s econ. had slowed down in parts of Europe. Spain and It. both had failing econ. due to loss in Muslim and Jewish artisans, less silver imports, pirate attacks. Euro.’s pop. grew during the 1500s by about 25 million which caused inflation of prices. Then the pop. inc. leveled off and started to decline because of war, plaque, and famine.Which created social tension. Then there were witchcraft trials. More than 100,000 were accused of witchcraft in the 16th and 17th Cent. mainly women. -
30 Years War
Peace of Augsburg didn’t settle religious disputes in 1555 because it
didn’t recognize Calvinist. It starts 1618 in the Holy Roman Empire (Germany). Everyone except England was involved. Under Peace of Westphalia in 1648, split into 300 independent states. The Holy Roman Empire is politically over and Germany was destroyed. Each state could determine their politics, religion, and decide foreign policy. It kept Germany separate for another 200 years.
