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Classical theory
Cesare Beccaria developed a theory, this was done as in his opinion criminals where completing crimes as the crime outweighed the punishment, meaning that in the criminals opinion it is worth completing the crime as the punishment, in comparison is not that bad, Beccaria wanted to make punishment a much stronger deterrent, believing that at that time they were not doing that. -
Classical theory
As well as this he saw the system as being corrupt, as the class of a person affected whether they would be punished. This would be a form of equal rights as he wanted equal punishments for all no matted of class, ethnicity or gender. -
Classical theory
Looking at how this has affected current crime control polices, crimes do have set punishments, or have a minimum/ maximum sentence a person can be put in prison for, these being different for each crime, the length of time in prison, or amount or size of fine, outweighs the worth of committing a crime. These boundaries are set so fair sentences are given, being relative to the crime committed. -
Classical theory
Such as a murderer will be given more time in prison, compared to the amount of time given to a person that has committed drunken disorderly conduct. This being the main idea of the classical theory, which is one of which that make up a large proportion of the actual sentencing of a criminal. -
Voluntarism
Voluntarism is a theory that builds upon Cesare Beccaria’s classical theory. The theory itself, complies with the punishment system of the classical theory, however it adds the element of the criminal knows his actions, it is his/ her choice to commit the crime, out of there freewill. The punishment system similar to that of classical was applied by judges, giving longer and harsher sentences to criminal, using prisons as a stronger deterrent. -
Voluntarism
judges where forced upon to give harsher punishment to all from a build-up of frustration from the public which media at the time used to create there story’s. -
Voluntarism
In modern day crime, harsh punishments are still given because of voluntarism and classical theories. This is done as crimes need to be a deterrent, as criminals are thought to know what they are doing when commuting a crime, as well as this the punishment needs to be harsh so that the criminal will not commit the crime, or if committed believe in was not worth doing this crime, thinking not to do it again. -
Determinism
Completely against voluntarism determinism put forward the stance that criminals had no free will, much like positivism and biological positivism, with the stance that in fact the criminal had no freewill, but it was with matter beyond there control. With the idea that people need help to control something that they, themselves cannot. Positivism later building on this helping in the form of medication and mental institutes. -
Determinism
Currently someone who claims has a mental illness can get be given ‘special’ treatment, this ranging from a shorter sentence in prison, not being found guilty, or even being put in a mental health institute. When in court factors will always be considered if they may have affected the mental state of the criminal. -
Positivism
Positivism goes against voluntarism, this being in the sense that freewill is not the only factor to why someone may commit a crime. This showing that theorists where starting to look at the full picture, this including a range of states the criminal may have been in at the time of the crime such as having a mental illness, the theorists believing that this being a reason why crimes may be committed. -
Positivism
The idea of that it is nature and not nature that causes someone to commit a crime is still used today, in cases such as mental institutes still being used today along with people being put on medication, these being introduced at the time of Positivism. -
Biological Positivism
The Biological positivism theory was one which was built up upon the theory of positivism, as well of theory of genetics which affect the mental state, or changes key traits of a person. One of the main examples of this being Lombroso’s theory, his theory was one which was built upon Darwin’s of evolution. Linking the facial theory of a person to weather they are closer to being a primate, the more facial features as a primate the more likely you are like a primate. -
Biological Positivism
Much like positivism, biological positivism is still used to day in the way of genetics, however it is not used in the sense on Lombroso’s theory, however in the sense of the XYY syndrome, and other genetic disorders, effecting aggression levels of a person making them more likely to attack somebody. -
Positivism to Realism
Switching the idea of crime to it was a matter of freewill made it hard for realism to be accepted, as the current positivism was working at the time. However crime rates can always be dropped, so realists at this point challenged other theories asking why crime rates had not dropped. The idea was crime was the public’s concern so the public should help to fix it ’neighbourhood watch’. Convincing the public that they had to change to stop crime was the real struggle. -
Positivism to Realism
The idea was that parents were not giving children good social skills, this in turn giving them poor self-control as they were not concerned of others opinions. -
Left Realism
Differing from past polices left realism goes along with nature does not have that strong of a impact on a criminal, however going along with the classical theory realism believed that crimes needed to have a stronger deterrent. Introducing even longer sentences in prison, this hopefully dropping the amount of repeated crimes, as well as the amount of crimes in general. With the main section of this theory going with the idea of different crimes where in fact committed by different classes. -
Left Realism
People in the lower classes commit crime because they need to, however people in higher classes commit them as a form of ‘hobby’. -
Left Realism
Recently realism has been built upon further, with longer sentences being applied with the Zero tolerance policies, as well as this in the zero tolerance policy there is a stronger point of the criminal knows what they are doing, and the mental state of a criminal has less of an impact on whether they will commit a crime. -
Left Realism
This has played a role in what we believe today as sentences have gotten longer for certain crimes however classes are still not taken into consideration they are still treated the same in a court of law. -
Right Realism
Right Realism is built upon the concept of ‘broken widows’, this being the idea if a community does not repair a house with a broken window it will just get worse, people will go in and vandalize the place, eventually the house will burn down, this all being prevented if the community came together and fix the window. -
Right Realism
This later building up on setups like the neighborhood watch, this was the idea again that the community looks out for each other, if anyone see’s any disturbing activity they will alert others in the community. -
Right Realism
In modern day Britten, Right realism is still used with concepts like the neighborhood watch, with these neighborhoods looking out for each other, as well as this right realism also agreed with the stance voluntarism held, this staying in today with the idea of self-control, however this can be cancelled if the criminal has a mental illness, showing that realism took into account for past policies. -
Right Realism
Along with this left realism has been built upon further with policies like the zero tolerance police, being put in place. This being set up after the London riots with the government needing to show they were going to find the people responsible and who took part. As well as this right realism encouraged the use of CCTV, making a huge stance on setting them up around major cities, this developing today with Britten being the most watched place in the world by CCTV cameras. -
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