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High population growth in the nineteenth century
The world population increased from 889 million in 1800, to 1,186 in 1850, reaching 1,571,000 in 1900. Europe experienced a high rate of growth: 187 million it had in 1800 became 401 in 1900.
The cast of the world's population, the percentage that corresponded to Europe ranged between 20.9 and 25.5 100. Its density was the largest of all continents. If at the beginning of the century it was 18.7 h / sq km at the end reached 40.1.
Historical demographers have not agreed to clarify the causes of -
the decline of the aristocracy
The European aristocracy lost its social relevance when their feudal rights on peasants were eliminated, began to pay taxes and had to sell land to support their lifestyle. Most aristocrats lacked entrepreneurial spirit and were unable to invest in new businesses that were being developed. aristocrats continued to occupy the most prestigious positions in politics, justice, army and diplomacy; .
The sons of impoverished aristocrats were resigned to marry with those of the wealthy bourgeois. -
The workers' international
All labor organizations in the world attempted to unite their struggles and create the first international association of workers, in 1864, who disappeared a few years later because of disagreements between socialists and anarchists. Some socialist leaders founded in 1889 the Socialist International, to coordinate the programs and activities of labor organizations of Marxist ideology. This organization created some of the symbols of identity of the labor movement: the celebration of May Day. -
the rise of the burgeoisie
The bourgeoisie became the powerful class of the new industrial society. The bourgeoisie encompassed many different groups: entrepreneurs; rentiers, senior officials and military; and some professionals. Bourgeois lived in cities, in the new quarters of expansion and good houses in the center. Their values became predominant: I worship the work, thrift and sobriety, namely fever. They defended the initiative and individual profit as the only guarantee for economic and social welfare. -
the workers
The workers performing tasks that require little qualification; They paid low wages, especially women and children, who barely allowed them to survive; used his long hours exceed 12 hours; usually they are working in unhealthy environments and lacked social security in case of illness, unemployment or retirement. Their precarious situation led to the organized protest and claim, but also despair.
Lacking properties, they were forced to sell their labor in exchange for wages. -
The peasants
Despite industrialization, most dela European population remained rural. There were large differences between regions and others:
1- In northern and western Europe most peasants were smallholders who could belong to the middle classes and incorporated machines and new farming techniques on their land. 2- In southern Europe were numerous peasants working in poorly mechanized estates. Known as day laborers they were paid a meager salary. -
Major achievements of the labor movement in the late nineteenth
The labor movement made important achievements. Governments were developing labor laws to curb abuses of employers: banned child labor, they were awarded the first maternity, imposed the employer's obligation to pay accident insurance and reduced working hours to 8 hours. -
Anarchism
Political current thought according to which the only form of existence for a community is to not have any kind of government or state to conduct it. Anarchy would be the complete absence of government or a defined power, which represents a tendency in society to chaos and disorder, although some anarchist currents regain the power of communal spaces such as assemblies and not discarded altogether if popular participation They not primarily despise the State -
SPREADING THE MIDDLE CLASSES
In the late nineteenth century, economic and social developments in industrialized countries led to the emergence of a middle class or petty bourgeoisie. Their economic status and educational level were higher than those of the lower classes, but lower than those of the gentry and aristocracy. The middle classes were growing throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, especially in cities.
It emerged as a heterogeneous group. -
Marxism
Doctrine that is rooted in the theories developed by the famous Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Both intellectuals of German origin reinterpreted dialectical idealism popularized by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and dialectical materialism and proposed the creation of a classless society. A political organizations created along the lines of this doctrine are described as Marxists.