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Revolt against Ottoman Empire
British officer known as Lawrence of Arabia in 1917, urged Arab princess to revolt against their Ottoman overlords.
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The Ottoman Empire destroyed
In 1918 Britsh forces from Egypt destroyed the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. The Middle East wasn't largely affected by the conflict from the war. The Ottoman Empre created tension between local inhabitants and external power or interests.
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Website Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vp-nmsQI49A -
Violence after World War 1
World War 1 ended in 1918 but the Violence in the Middle East still hasn't come to an end. Region has not been able to overcome the arbitrary borders drawn by self-interested imperial powers have left a legacy.
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Afghanistan declares its Independence from Great Britian
Afghan King Emir Habibullah Khan was murdered in February near Jalalabad. His son Amanullah Khan then seized power and proclaimed Afganistain as a sovereign no independent nation.
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Division of Ottoman Empire
An agreement between Britian and France of how the former Ottoman Empire would be divided between them. After Wirld War 1 ended, and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, European states were left in control over former Ottoman territory in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. The British had control over Iraq and Palestine while France controlled Syria and Lebanon.
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Division of the Ottoman Empire
An agreement between Britain and France of how the former Ottoman Empire would be divided between them. After World War 1 ended, and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, European states were left in control over former Ottoman territory in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. The British had control over Iraq and Palestine, while France controlled Syria and Lebanon.
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Oil is discovered in Iraq
The first oil strike floods the countryside. There was 10 days worth of oil. The well produces 80,000 barrels of oil a day.
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Oil found in what used to be the Ottoman Empore
Oil played an important role in the struggle after the war over the future of the Ottoman province of Mosul, where a large oil field was discovered in 1927 at Baba Gargur near Kirkuk in the new, British mandated Iraq.
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Red Line Agreement
This was an agreement between American, British, and French oil companies concerning the oil resources within the territories that formerly was the Ottoman Empire within the middle east. This agreement was that each of the four nations received an equal amount (28.75%) of all the crude oil produced by TPC (Turkish Petroleum Company), which were allowed to operate anywhere in the Middle East between the Suez Canal and Iran, with the exception of Kuwait.
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Oil was also found in the Persian Gulf
beginning with Bahrain in 1931, there were many discoveries in Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Trucial States (Abu Dhabi and Dubai), and Oman.
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New Independent States after WWII
World War ll led to the emergence of new independent states. Syria and Lebanon gained their independence towards the end of World War ll. Jordan has complete self-rule after the war. These new states were predominantly Muslim. After World War II, the United Nations gave land to the Jewish people so they could live together in peace. Israel includes holy places for the Jewish religion. It's surrounded by Muslim countries.
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Nasser takes over Egyptian Government
Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser took over the Egyptian government.
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Nasser seized the Suez Canal
Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser seized the Suez Canal, which was under the British and French administration, this started the attack on Egypt by the French and British. This attack was at a high international level and the British and French had to withdraw their forces when it became clear that America didn’t support wha was going on.
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Video Link: https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.644640 -
Beginning of Suez War
In Egypt a new leader came and played an important role in Arab world. Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser took control of the Egyptian government. Nasser seized the Suez Canal Company which was under British and French administration. Great Britain and France decided to strike back.
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The beginning of the Suez Crisis
The British were angry with the actions of Nasser, seizing the Suez Canal, so they tried to gain support from France. The Israelis were also angry with his actions, they wanted an armed to retake the canal. This was why the Israelis struck first.Originally the three countries, Israel, Britain, and France, were going to attack together at once, but the British and French forces were delayed. This is what began the Suez Crisis.
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Egypt unites with Syria
Egypt united with Syria in the United Arab Republic
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Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KSXZNpyTfg -
The OPEC is made
A number of Arab oil producing states formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to gain control over oil prices
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Oil from smaller states
The smaller gulf states were producing about 15% of the worlds oil, with another 10 percent or so coming from Iraq and Iran, by 1970 this percentage had risen to 30%.
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Syria was taken over
1961 military leaders took over Syria and withdrew the country from its union with Egypt. Egypt. Nasser continued to work on behalf of Arab interests.
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PLO
Egyptians took the lead in forming the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to represent the interests of the Palestines. The plo said that believed that only Palestinian people had the right to create a state in palestine.
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President Muhammad dies and is succeeded by his brother
After President Abd al-Salam Muhammad Arif of Iraq died he is succeeded by his older brother, Abd al-Rahman Arif.
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Six Day War begins
Israel launched air strikes against Egypt and several of its Arab neighbors. No Arab state made peace with Israel. In 1967 events conspired to bring war between Israel, Egypt, and Syria. June 5, 1967, The Israelis attacked Egypt first.
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Nasser Resigns
After Egypts military defeat in the Six Day War Nasser resigns.
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Nasser made blockade at the Gulf of Aqaba
Nasser made a blockade against Israelist shipping through the Gulf of Aqaba. He declared: “Now we are ready to confront Israel. We are ready to deal with the entire Palestine.”
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Nasser Dies
Nasser died at the age of 52 and was succeeded in office by Anwar el- Sadat.
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Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gP4g42srJWc -
Sadat launched new attack
Arab forces led by Sadat launched a new attack against Israel.
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OPEC announced higher prices
During the 1973 war some of OPEC nations announced large increases in the price of oil to foreign countries. The price climb coupled with cuts in oil production, which led to oil shortages and serious economic problems in the United States and Europe.
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Carter tries to make peace between Arabs and Israelis
U.S. president Jimmy Carter began to press for comprise peace between Arab and Israelis.
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Camp David Accords peace treaty
Carter met with President Sadatof Egypt and the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem begin at camp David in the United States. The result was the Camp David Accords which was an agreement to sign an Israeli Egyptain peace treaty.
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End of Israeli War
The treaty signed by Sadat and begin in March 1979 ended the war between Egypt and Israel.
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http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/israel-egyptian-peace-agreement-signed -
Intifada /PLO
Palestine Arabs were frustrated by their failor to self rule so they become more militant this led to the movement called the initfada among PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) supporters living in Israel.
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Saddam launches attack on Iran
President Saddam Hussein launched an attack on Iran. Poison gas was used against civilians and children were used to clear minefields.
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A ceasefire between Iran and Iraq was arranged
After 8 years of fighting that had taken many lives, a truce which was made by the United Nations was finally put into effect between Iran and Iraq.
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Iraq attacks Kuwait
Iraqi troops moved across the border and occupied the small neighboring country of Kuwait. This invasion sparked an international outcry. The U.S. led an international force that freed Kuwait and destroyed a big part of Iraq’s armed forces, the allies hoped that an internal revolt would overthrow Hussein but he remained in power.
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Video Link: http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/aug-1990-iraq-invades-kuwait-10538901 -
Israel/PLO Agreement
In 1993 Israel and PLO reached an agreement calling for Palestinian automony in certain areas of Israel.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoG_C_c3mJg -
Assassination of Rabin
In November 1995 Rabin's death ended momentum towards peace. The assassination opened fire as the peace rally broke up.
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Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIX1jOt6_pI -
Deadlock
The 19 months of deadlock begins when Israelis begin to go into the Palestinian part of Jerusalem. During these 19 months there were many killings and bombings by the Palestinians.
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Trying to make an end to deadlock in the Middle East.
US Secretary of State, Albright calls for an end to the Israelis trying to settle in occupied land. There was a meeting between Albright, Arafat, and Netanyahu in Paris to end the Middle East Deadlock.
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Ceasefire between Iran and Iraq
After 8 years of fighting that had taken many lives, a truce which was made by the United Nations was finally put into effect between Iran and Iraq.
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The USS Cole was attacked
While the USS Cole was in port in Aden, Yemen for refueling it was bombed. The explosion ripped a hole in the middle of the ship, killing 17 U.S. sailors and injuring about 40 others. This attack was planned and carried out by al Qaeda.
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Video Link: http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/oct-12-2000-uss-cole-attacked-yemen-9061229 -
Barak Resigns
The prime minister of Israel, Ehud Barak, resigns. The next election was scheduled to take place within 60 days.
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Road Map Hopes
The Road Map Hopes was a peace treaty between the Israelis and the Palestinians, presented to the in January 2003 by President Bush. The plan was that both sides are required to end violence and to have long lasting peace.
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Video Link: http://www.c-span.org/video/?c1964053/clip-middle-east-peace-plan
