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Conference Section 13 Group 3
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Ninon de l’Enclos
"Molière lisant Tartuffe chez Ninon de Lenclos" painted by Nicolas-André Monsiau in 1802. Ninon hosted a salon in Paris that many important philosophers and writers of the Age of Enlightment attented. In particular, Ninon was well aquainted with Moliere who is seen here reading his work "Tartuffe". -
Queen Christina of Sweden
Drawing of Uriksdals Palace in Stockholm from the collection of sketches under the name “Suecia antiqua et hodierna” (Swedish Ancient and Modern) by Swedish engineer Erik Dahlbergh (1625-1703). The Ulriksdal Palace where Christina lived depicts of the style of architecture and organization of garden and courtyards that were key identifying features of the absolutist states. -
Leviathan: Absolutism
http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/hobbes/Leviathan.pdfjAbsolutism was a form of government where a ruler had absolute power over his or her subjects. It lasted in Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries. Thomas Hobbes summarized his theories about Absolutism in his book Leviathan. In it he argues that people needed Absolutism to prevent them from falling into chaos. -
Moved by the Spirit: Religious Migration
King Louis XIV. The Edict of Fontainebleau. Oct. 22, 1685.
http://boar.org.uk/ariwxo3FNQ915.htm
Though commanded to remain in France under the Edict, French Huguenots decided to emigrate from France to practice their religion freely in Germany, Switzerland, and the Dutch Republic. This emigration indicates that Europe was still politically under the throes of religion after the 30 Years War, as the Edict of Fontainebleau came from political leader King Louis XIV. -
The History of Trousers: Creating a New Russian
Edict of Tsar Peter the Great called “Creating a New Russian: Decree on Western Dress”. Decreed and published in 1701. Found in the College Cengage database of primary sources. Peter the Great declared that all his subjects must wear western dress, specifying trousers, in an attempt to modernize the Russian public and culture. This was an attempt by him to make his own empire resemble more closely that of Western Europe, signifying the beginning of the modernization of Russia. -
Laura Bassi
University diploma of Laura Bassi for her doctoral degree in Philosophy (August 17 1732). Laura Bassi was an important figure of the scientific revolution in Italy and was best known for her interest in Newtonian Physics and being the first women professor at a European university. -
Joesphine Bonaparte
Painted by François-Pascal-Simon Gérard in 1801, the portrait is of Empress Josephine at Malmaison. It is now found at the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. This protrait was chosen because it portrays Josephine in a more relaxed and romantic manner and helps the viewer envision the charm she possessed that Napoleon and many others to fell for. -
The Philosophical Dictionary: The Enlightenment
http://ir.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/120323/8b3bf69872acfc76377101c2fb34779b.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yEnlightenment was an intellectual movement highlighted by demands for political reform and intellectual freedom. Thinkers of the Enlightenment spread their ideas through writing. One of the most infamous writings of the Enlightenment was Voltaire’s dictionnaire philosophique (philosophical dictionary), in which Voltaire criticizes, most notably, the Catholic Church, among other things. -
The History of Trouser: The Mule Jenny
Illustration by Edward Baines named “Mule Jenny”. Published in 1835 in the book "Illustrations from the History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain." In 1779, the British inventor Samuel Crompton created the first spinning machine, which spun textile fabrics into yarn. This industrialized the creation of fabric which made the process of making clothing, like trousers, faster. This industrialization of formerly human tasks changed the way humans would approach innovation. -
The History of Trousers: Les sans-culottes
Oil painting on canvas by Louis-Léopold Boilly called “Portrait d’un sans-culotte”. Painted in 1792. In 1789, the sans-culottes, the lowest class in the French society rose up against the French monarchy in Paris. They were recognizable by their lack of silk-knee breeches on their pants, a defining fashion trend of the aristocracy. They became a major driving force of the revolution, enduring as a symbol of patriotism and courage for the common man. -
Political Migration: Flight of the Emigrés during the French Revolution
La Convention Nationale. Loi de Suspects. 17 September, 1793
http://mafr.fr/en/article/decret-du-17-septembre-1793-relatif-aux-gens-suspe/
When the Law of Suspects was passed, it became abundantly clear the aristocracy of the Bourbon monarchy would not remain intact, as aristocrats/émigrés became enemies of the state. Emigrés were aristocratic refugees that migrated to monarchist nations to plot and raise an army. The expulsion of the aristocracy indicated its declining force in political life. -
The Communist Manifesto: Communism
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Manifesto.pdfCommunism was an idea of a form of government where the proletariat (workers) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (business owners who took advantage of the workers), and would eventually transition the world into peaceful utopia. Karl Marx is considered the father of communism, writing many works on his ideas, most notably the Communist Manifesto, where he lays down the basic guidelines of Communism. -
Urban Migration during the Industrial Revolution
Liberal Government of 1848. Public Health Act. 1848. Great Britain.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/victorianbritain/healthy/source6f.htm
In 1850, half of Britain’s population lived in a city. With the overcrowding of cities and subsequent sanitiation issues, the Public Health Act of 1848 was passed. It addressed the sanitation dilemmas surrounding urban centers, while indicating cities had incomparably expanded through migration since 1750. -
Martha Beatrice Webb
"Break Up of the Poor Law and Abolish the Work House" (1909) by Sidney and Beatrice Webb. This publication was part I of the minority report written by the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress. Martha Beatrice Webb was a leading figure in the socialist movement in Britain and was an important member of the Fabian Society along with her husband Sidney Webb. This particular work of theirs outlines the welfare state that they believe should be implemented in Britain. -
On the Origins of Species: Evolution
https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/jksadegh/A%20Good%20Atheist%20Secularist%20Skeptical%20Book%20Collection/Charles%20Darwin%20-%20The%20Origin%20of%20Species%20-%206th%20Edition.pdfThe theory of Evolution was most infamously noted in the book On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. Darwin developed the ideas of evolution and natural selection based on his observations of nature. Evolution had a major impact on Europe, and is now considered the cornerstone of biology. -
Mass Immigration to North America
Edward Steiner. On the Trail of the Immigrant. 1906. Stereograph.
http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/immigration/scandinavian.html
During the 19th century, and into the 20th century, North America was inundated with Europeans from all corners, as illustrated in the stereograph from Edward Steiner of Scandinavian immigrants. In the 1860s, Scandinavian countries felt the effects of the Great Finnish Famine, economic decline, and land depletion, leading to mass migration. -
Tsarina Alexandra
"From Liverty to Brest-Litovsk, The First Year of the Russian Revolution" by Adriadna Tyrkova-Williams (1919). The Russian population disapproved of Tsarina Alexandra’s tendency to impose her conservative views on her husband Tsar Nicholas II, especially at a time when even nobles were urging reforms. The increased unpopularity of the tsarist regime during her reign as well as her husband’s involvement the army helped fuel the revolutionary movements in Russia. -
The History of Trousers: The Wigan Pit Brow Girls
Photograph by Thomas Taylor called “Pit brow girls just starting their work”. Printed in 1893. Found in the National Archives of the Government of the UK. The Wigan Pit Brow girls scandalized Victorian society by wearing trousers under their skirts, allowing them more mobility for their work in the coal mines. Due to industrialization, more women worked in physical labour. The move towards more masculine clothing shows the greater shift in the role of women at the time in British Society. -
The History of Trousers: The Harem Trousers
Photograph of “Two women dressed in sultana skirts and harem pants designed by Paul Poiret.” Published in 1911 in the newspaper L’Illustration. Author unknown. Parisian designer Paul Poiret first introduced to the world the Harem Pants. Influenced by the exotic oriental, Poiret created these pants in an effort to liberate and modernize female fashion. This change in style challenged cultural norms surrounding the purity and conservatism expected of women, expediting the end of the golden age. -
Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey, 1923
Commorative Photo at the Lausanne Conference. 1923. The Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive.
http://www.ime.gr/chronos/14/en/1923_1940/foreign_policy/institutions/02.html#
Under the Treaty of Lausanne, finalized at the aforementioned conference, Greece and Turkey were obliged to exchange minority populations. 1.3 million Orthodox Christian Greeks and 350,000 Muslims were expelled. It was a humanitarian crisis. The League of Nations, under Fridtjof Nansen, stepped in. -
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ As the world was gripped by a devastating economic depression, the economist John Maynard Keynes conceived new ideas to combat the depression and rejuvenate the economy. His book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, summarizes Keynes ideas on economics. Keynes believed that government involvement in the economy was necessary, and deficit spending could rejuvenate the economy. Keynes ideas are still a fundamental part of economics to this day. -
The History of Trousers: The White Squadron
Photograph of “Irina Burnaia in Cairo”, 1935. Photographer unknown. Found in Irina Burnaia’s book “Airpile mele- memoriei lui petre Ivanovici.” During World War ll, Romania had a special medical air force unit called the White Squadron. It included mostly female pilots. These pilots, including Irina Burnaia, represented growing numbers of women who participated in the war on the front lines. Wearing trousers and similar uniforms to their male counterparts symbolized their growing independence. -
Displaced Persons in Post-World War II Europe
Fred Ramage/Getty Images. Displaced Persons Crossing the Elbe River at Tangermünde. May 1, 1945.
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/books/review/book-review-the-long-road-home-by-ben-shephard.html
In 1945, more than 11 million displaced persons were on the move, looking for resources, lodging, and safety. Many found their way to camps run by the United Nation Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. This photo shows families, with minimal belongs, fleeing Central Europe on foot. -
The Gular Archipelago: The Dissolution of the USSR
http://www.thechristianidentityforum.net/downloads/Gulag1.pdfAlthough the USSR was considered a superpower during the Cold War, its people were oppressed and subjected to poor living standards. This led to an opposition within the Soviet Union that demanded reform, and can be seen in the book The Gulag Archipelago in 1973. The author, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn writes about his experiences in the Gulags, and the nature of the Soviet Government. His book showed the Soviet people the brutality of the Soviet government, and significantly contributed to its downf
