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Colonial Period
Recreational sports during this time period allowed for diversion from hard work and allowed opportunities for socializing. Tribal differences still allowed for sport and game similarities. Skating, coasting, hunting, fishing, bowling, running, boxing, wrestling, and horse racing were all seen in the development of physical activity. (0AD). Retrieved from http://www.virginiaplaces.org/agriculture/horseracing.html -
Per Henrik Ling
Gymnastics training program for military using directed drills and exercises: therapeutic gymnastics to restore health; massage; emphasized the educational and aesthetic aspects of gymnastics; teacher training Pehr Henrik Ling. (2019, July 24). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling. -
During the National Period
Gymnasiums and swimming pools were constructed, increasing participation. In 1842, the first intercollegiate competition occurred. Race between Yale and Harvard , Harvard winning the race. This increased athletic intercollegiate roles on college campuses. Gymnasiums: Fitness. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://kineticsnoise.com/spaces/gymnasiums-fitness.html. -
YMCA
Young Men's Christian Association became the interest of health-promoting activities. Luther Gulick created the logo and aided the institution for more than 15 years. -
Intercollegiate Athletes
The first intercollegiate baseball games played by Williams and Amherst. First football games in 1859 was played by Rutgers and Princeton. Contests involving tennis, basketball, and soccer participation followed in other intercollegiate games. -
George Flitz
Stressed importance of basing P.E on scientific principles, not assumptions. Research on physiological effects of physical activity. -
Normal Institute for Physical Education
Dioclesian Lewis developed the Lewis system of light gymnastics. Introduced to all in Boston, included exercises that improved cardiovascular system with music. Posture and flexibility were encouraged with wands, Indian clubs, and beanbags. -
New Physical Education
Thomas Wood presented a speech at the International Conference of Education that described his vision for physical education. His belief that physical training be incorporated in the life of an individual. His program was introduced as "Natural Gymnastics" but then became known as " The new physical education" -
Olympics
The first Olympic game was held in Athens, Greece and has evolved overtime to bringing nations and athletes together. Women participation has also increased due to the passing of Title IX. Sheldon, D. (2017, July 31). Who Are The 10 Richest Olympians Ever? Retrieved from https://www.casino.org/blog/who-are-the-10-richest-olympians-ever/. -
Playground Association of America
During the Early Twentieth Century, this association promoted the development of urban and rural playgrounds. Luther Gulick played a big role in constructing the association and that play is an important role in child development. Weeb, Scott, D. G., Farley, C., Amy, Graham, Mike, … Grace, L. D. (2016, September 9). The dangerous playgrounds of 1900s. Retrieved from https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/dangerous-playgrounds-1900s/. -
Jesse Owens
Adolf Hitler used the Olympics as a way to promote the supremacy of Aryan racial superiority. Jesse Owens won 66 medals, and set 3 wold and Olympic records. This crumpled Hitler's Nazi theory of supremacy. -
NATA
National Athletic Trainers' Association. Composed of physical educators, coaches, and other individuals. This promoted participation of women in competitive sports at high school and college levels. -
Eisenhower
Established President's council concerning Youth Fitness. "Journal of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation" provoked interest in youth's fitness relating to Kraus-Weber Minimal Muscular Fitness Test when presented with low scores. -
Federation of Sports Medicine
The Federation of Sports Medicine soon became the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Used to protect physcical and mental overall health. Spans all over the world. -
Fitness Movement
The Fitness Movement began as a trend. Their focus is disease prevention and health promotion. This allowed for a shift in school programs to focus more on Physical Education. -
Professional Sports
Hockey, football, soccer, basketball, and baseball have over the years with expansion caused these sports to become more popular. Salaries for professionals have also dramatically increased. Multi-million dollar contracts have become the norm. -
Title IX
Equal rights for women in sports and athletic programs, equal to men. Allowed changes in the conduct of athletic programs. This means separate teams for male and females, or co-ed classes must be provided. Influenced equal opportunity for equipment and supplies. -
Education of all Handicapped Children Act
Allowed for free and appropriate education for ages 3 to 21. Services made for all kids. -
WNBA
The Women's National Basketball Association backed up by the National Basketball Association, held it's first game in 2001. This association has struggled financially to stay afloat, and in 2012, the organization fell again. -
Paralympics
Involved 4,203 athletes representing 164 countries. Participated in 503 events, 20 different sports. Included shared venues and games directly after the Olympics. Garcia, W. (2018, June 5). Difference Between. Retrieved from http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/sports-miscellaneous/difference-between-the-olympics-and-paralympics/. -
Citation
Walton-Fisette, J. L., Wuest, D. A., & Bucher, C. A. (2018). Foundations of physical education, exercise science, and sport. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
