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Unconditional pledge of American assistance to countries anywhere in the world that were threatened either by external aggression from the SU or an indigenous COmmunist insurgency backed by Moscow.
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Initiated by: Truman's secretary of state George C. Marshall.
Aim: An economic recovery program financed by the US with specific political conditions.
1. Provision for a jointly formulated and executed program of economic recovery that would treat all of Europe (w/ Germany) as a single economic entity.
2. Each recipient country open its economy to American trade and its budget to American inspection (sharp criticism from the SU) -
-12 members
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U.S National Security document that outline the U.S policy paper on its defense and FP orientation on the Soviet Union.
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A period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971 and took decisive form when President Richard M. Nixon visited the secretary-general of the Soviet Communist party, Leonid I. Brezhnev, in Moscow, May 1972.
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In office from 1964-1982: Soviet Union under collective leadership: era of stagnation politically and socially.
-> Brezhnev Doctrine. -
From 1966 to 1976: socio-political turmoil within China due to Mao's encouragement of the student movement (Red Guards) to re-establish his power and position within the CCP (that was being dominated by Deng).
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Was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria.
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Call to end the Six Day War of 1967.
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USSR will use force to maintain loyalty of socialist regimes in Eastern Europe.
Led to the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in same year.
In 1989 was replaced by the Sinatra Doctrine. -
The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of arms control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II.
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-Usually characterizes the American public during the late phase of the Vietnam War --> doesn't want to send American troops abroad in combat situation.
-VN War loss created the American biased against any type of American intervention.
-Constraint on Reagan's revision policies. -
73: Oil Crisis
79: Energy Crisis -
U.S. President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China (officially the People's Republic of China or PRC) was an important strategic and diplomatic overture that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's resumption of harmonious relations between the United States and China.
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War between Israel and Egypt.
Resulted in the oil embargo on the West. -
Call to end the Yom Kippur War of 1973.
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Major diplomatic agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, at the conclusion of the first Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. 4 baskets: the Western powers accepted Communist bloc's territories (win for SU), but SU had to accept the human rights agenda from the West.
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-Criticism of human rights abuses in other nations served as an early indication that Carter’s inaugural address marked an ideological shift in U.S. foreign policy.
-During the early weeks of the administration, officials spoke out against harassment and human rights violations in Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, and Uganda -
Jimmy Carter + Deng Xiaoping in 1978
Taiwan Relations Act in 1982 -
Signed by Egyptian PM and Israel PM. The second of these frameworks led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.
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Widespread strikes by public sector trade unions demanding larger pays. Form the basis for Margaret Thatcher to become British PM.
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-Carter and Reagan supported these contras to topple the dictator at the time.
-Reagan signed NSDD7 authorizing the production and shipment of arms to the region. -
British PM from 1979-1990
Thatcherism -
-Refers to events involving the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States.
-Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, supported by a wide range of people including various Islamist and leftist organizations and student movements. -
SALT II was not ratified by U.S Congress.
SU deployed weapons in Europe --> not conforming to SALTII
Invasion of Afghanistan
Iranian Revolution
-Failure of Deténte -
Jimmy Carter's speech outlining the crisis of energy (reliance on oil threatened the U.S independent) --> Malaise Era
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Surge of neo-liberal idea of laissez-faire economic liberalism.
Shift away from Keynesian economic during post-WWII era.
Led by Thatcher and Reagan -
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Successor of Brezhnev in 1983, when the tension with the US was the highest.
1983: KAL007, U.S invasion of Grenada, NATO carried out the Able Archer -
Guided US policy toward the SU under Reagan economically and militarily.
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A proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons. First made by Reagan.
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Reagan used money from selling weapons to Iran to finance the contras in Nicaragua. The U.S Congress ban the support of U.S to contras but he violated this.
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-Standing by democratic allies.
-Defying Soviet-supported aggression by supporting anti-Communist insurgencies (freedom fighters) -
-Meeting follow up the Vienna summit to eliminate all nuclear weapons between SU and U.S but not agreed by Reagan.
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-Founder of al-Qaeda (1988).
-Responsible for the 9/11. -
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-U.S will use force to defend its interests in the ME.
-Peace Dividends --> economic benefits of a decrease in defense spending. -
-Democratic Movement started across eastern Europe.
-Collapse of the Eastern bloc. -
-Negotiation in 1990 between East and West Germany and the 4 powers that occupied Berlin since WWII on Germany independence.
-Discussed NATO expansion but no promises on NATO's non-expansion into East Europe. -
A warlord in Somalia --> wanted to topple the dictator resulting in the Somalian civil war that require foreign intervention.
First UN humanitarian intervention (1992) with the U.S --> later a fail mission due to the Black Hawk Down Incident (1994) led Clinton to pull out U.S troops. -
-NATO grew by including Greece and Turkey in 1952 and West Germany in 1955, and then later Spain in 1982. After the Cold War ended, and Germany reunited in 1990, there was a debate in NATO about continued expansion eastward. In 1999, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic joined the organization, amid much debate within the organization and Russian opposition.
-Another expansion: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. -
Turn or return of political left in Cold War context in Latin America.
Revolt against the Washington Consensus. -
-International conflict between Iraq and Kuwait which resulted in Iraq invasion of Kuwait.
-Led by Saddam Hussein. -
-Authorized the use of force against Iraq if it did not withdraw from Kuwait by Jan. 15, 1991.
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Key figure behind the dissolution of the SU.
Adopted economic reform policies in neoliberal style but fail due to corruption.
Contributed to the bankruptcy of Russia. -
-6 weeks of air campaign
-Manifestation of Powell Doctrine.
-New weapons technology -
-Defending Saudi Arabia, precluding the Iraqi launch of missiles against neighboring states.
-Destroy Iraqi's biological weapons etc. -
SU disintegrate into 15 separate political entities (and later granted independence by Russia). Crimea became the region of disputes between Russia and Ukraine. CIS stated that the SU had ceased to exist. At the end of Dec. the Cold War had offcially ended.
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The government of the Yugoslav republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina declared its independence from Yugoslavia. Over the next several years, Bosnian Serb forces, with the backing of the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army, perpetrated atrocious crimes against Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) and Croatian civilians.
-Milosevic as rising power.
-Led to the Srebrenica Genocide in 1995 -
Undertaken to integrate the EC into the EU for progress toward full economic and political integration that had been recorded since the beginning of the decade. Entered into force on Nov. 1, 1993.
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-Terrorist group based in Afghanistan.
-Sunni fundamentalist group.
-Emerged out from the Afghan Civil War largely consisted of students.
-Condemned cuz of their harsh enforcement of Islamic Sharia Law. -
-These accords put an end to the 3 1⁄2-year-long Bosnian War, one of the Yugoslav Wars.
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-President of Serbia --> gave rise to a lot of ethnic conflicts in Yugoslavia by following a nationalist policy agenda.
-In power from 1997-2000 -
-Extend the UNFCCC in 1992.
-Treaty that binds all key signatures to follow and respect the provisions with equivalent responsibility under IL.
-192 parties -
-Venezuelan President (1999-2013)
-Started the shift toward anti-Washington Consensus and adopted leftwing politics.
-Started the Pink Tide in Latin America. -
-Unilateralism
-Pre-emptive war -
-U.S invasion of Afghan with the purpose to eradicate al-Qaeda.
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-Rumsfeld was appointed Secretary of Defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush (before was Carter)
-Rumsfeld played a central role in the planning of the United States' response to the September 11 attacks, which included two wars, one in Afghanistan and one in Iraq. -
19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States.
-World Trade Center.
-Twin Buildings. -
Act of Congress under Bush Son. Significantly expanded the search and surveillance powers of federal law-enforcement and intelligence agencies.
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-A protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein.
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-Collapse of the neo-liberal economic order.
-Globalization as the main factor leading to the decline of Europe and the U.S -
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The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy uprisings that enveloped several largely Muslim countries, including Tunisia, Syria, Libya and Egypt.
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Protest against the regime of al-Qaddafi in mid-February 2011 quickly escalated into an armed revolt. When rebels abt to fail, U.S intervened.
-NATO launched campaign of air strikes targeting Qaddafi's force.
