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1890's; Black African Nationalism
The reggae music of Jamaican Bob Marley (1945-1981) spread throughout the world, rallying blacks to come to the cause. His song, “Get Up Stand Up”, nonetheless spoke out to millions of blacks struggling for their freedom. Africans and African-Americans alike had been influenced by the radical ideas of another black nationalist from Jamaica, Marcus Garvey (1887-1940), who advocated that U.S. blacks search repatriation in Africa. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968), the most prominent of these -
Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (around April 10th 1894 – September 11, 1971) led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First secratry of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the council of ministers, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet Peace Program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. -
Korea
In 1905,with the signing of the Japan- Korea Treaty of 1905, coalition of Meiji Government ,Military,and Business officials subjugated Korea both politically and economically as a “protectorate”. The Japanese imperial administration of the Koreans continued until Japan’s defeat in World War II. -
March 1, 1919
The March 1st Movement, otherwise known as the Samil Movement or the Manse Movement, was one of the earliest public displays of Korean resistance during the occupation of the Korean Empire by Japan. -
Castro
-Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, born August 13, 1926, is a Cuban Communist revolutionary and politician who was Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the Commander in Chief of the country’s armed forces from 1959 to 2008, and as the First Secretary of the Commuinist party of of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Politically a Marxist-Leninist, under his administration the Rep. of Cuba became a one-party socialist state; -
Winston Churchill
Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister. was a British politician best known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, he served as the Prime Minister twice , and was regarded by the londoners as “ Big Winnie” . Churchill was a noted statesman and a orator, despite his speech defect in this younger years. -
We Shall Fight on the Beaches
We Shall Fight on the BeachesWinston Churchill delivers a speech to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 4 June 1940. This was the second of three major speeches given around the period of the Battle of France,In this speech, Churchill had to describe a great military disaster, and warn of a possible invasion attempt by Nazi Germany, without casting doubt on eventual victory. We Shall Fight on the Beaches -
Nuclear Arms Race
[Nuclear Arms Race](◦http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nuclear_arms_race.htm)The US and SU race outdo the other in quantity/quality of missiles. Started with US dropping bombs on Japan. Had enough to destroy the world. -
Colonial Liberation
Western education opened many windows, if at first only for a few; colonial peoples were drawn into closer contact with one another, as well as with Europe. New kinds of business activity made their appearance; new professions, like Western-style law, medicine, journalism, gave rise to a modern intelligentsia. -
Pax Americana
Pax AmericanaPax Americana[ means ‘american peace’ in latin. It’s applied to the historical concept of relative peace in the Western Hemisphere resulting from the power enjoyed by the USA beginning around the start of the 20th century. This term has been used globally often but specifically during the time between WW1 AND WW2. -
Proxy War
Proxy wars were common in the Cold War, because the two nuclear-armed superpowers, the Soviet Union and the USA, did not wish to fight each other directly, since that would have run the risk of causing a nuclear war. Such warfare was used in The Middle East, Korea, and Vietnam. -
Feb. 4-11, 1945: Yalta Conference:
Held on February 1945; by then, the Soviets were 64 km from Berlin and they controlled great amount of territory and Churchill and Roosevelt could not do much to change the plans Stalin had for eastern Europe. Churchill and Roosevelt attempted to convince Stalin to allow democracy in Poland but Stalin’s plans for Soviet-occupied nations prevailed. Stalin installed a communist government in Poland and took similar steps elsewhere in eastern Europe. -
Containment
ContainmentTruman decided on a strategy known as "containment," in which the Soviets would be prevented-militarily if necessary-from using force to export their ideology abroad. Containment would, in fact, remain the cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy for the next fifty years. -
Soviet Union
Soviet Union has control of Eastern Europe, 1968 Soviet Union crushes Czechoslovakia's revolt, 1979 Soviet Union invades Afghanistan, Mikhail Gorbakev becomes leader of the Soviet Union 1985, 1989 Soviet withdraws from Afghanistan, 1991 end of Soviet Union. -
Third World
The term Third World arose during the period of Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Communist Bloc. This then became the term that broadly categorizes nations of the earth into three groups based on social, political, and economic divisions. Because many of the Third World countries were poor, it became a stereotype that people now refer to poor countries as third world countries. -
Civil Rights Movement
[Civil Rights Movement](◦http://mypolitikal.com/2010/10/15/the-cold-war-and-the-civil-rights-movement/)Civil rights movement was vital to the cold war because political leaders realized that if we couldn’t come together and utilize all the minds in the country then we wouldnt be able to successfully fight communism. Also if we didnt support the movement then the US would look bad to the rest of the world. this helped advance the movement immensely. -
East/West Germany
East/West GermanyDuring the cold war Germany was split into four sections held by US SU UK and france. Berlin was also divided into west (US) and East (SU). Russia having a good portion of Germany wanted to take advantage of weak europe and try to expand. -
Jul. 17-Aug. 2, 1945: Potsdam Conference
July to August 1945; the new U.S President, Harry S. Truman, initiated the harder-line stance of the U.S, confident that little Soviet aid would be needed to defeat Japan. There was a successful test of the atomic bomb while Truman was at Potsdam and it intensified tensions over postwar settlement. -
The Cold War
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Cold War Picture
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Thirty-eighth Parallel
When the Japan’s 35-year colonial rule of Korea ended as the Allied cherished their victory in World War II in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union made an agreement to temporarily occupy the country as trustees, dividing Korea along the 38th parallel, to establish a successful Korean provisional government. However, the Soviets refused to establish a free electing government and a Communist state was established in the northern Korea under Soviet rule; pro-western: South. -
1945 : The Korean Independence and division into South and North Korea
When the Japan’s 35-year colonial rule of Korea ended as the Allied cherished their victory in World War II in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union made an agreement to temporarily occupy the country as trustees, dividing Korea along the 38th parallel, to establish a successful Korean provisional government. However, the Soviets refused to establish a free electing government and a Communist state was established in the northern Korea under Soviet rule. -
MAD
MAD stood for Mutually Assured Destruction. It refers to nuclear weapons and the basic principle that if the United States were to attack the Soviet Union using nuclear weapons the Soviet Union would respond in the same way. In trying to destroy the opponent, the aggressor would have guarenteed their own destruction also. -
Iron Curtain
The Iron CurtainChurchill's Iron Curtain Speech
the separation of west and east, russias attempt to keep the west out. -
The Philippines
The US promised to free the Philippines before the war, but that promise was postponed due to the war. Although, the Philippines experienced this dissapointment, the US then fulfilled its pledge on July 4, 1946 (didn’t abandon all its control and property in the islands). Filipinos then began fighting off communist Huk rebels (Hukbalahap Rebellion). 1954- Huk Revolt defeated by the Philippines. -
Day of Direct Action
The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, called for this day of direct action, also known as the Great Calcutta Killing which was a series of riots between the Hindus and Muslims. The tension between these two religions in India came to a head in this event killing some 6 thousand people and backing up Jinnah’s belief that the only solution was the creation of independent Pakistan. -
1947-48; British withdraw from Palestine
The british were in control of most arab states in the middle east using the mandate system until the around the end of World War 2, however they made promises to both the jews and arabs, giving them rights to live in the same holy land. When Jews started migrating to Palestine with England’s permission this causes conflict with the arab muslims who were already there. Zionist or activist against anti-semitism also migrated to the area, later to be named the independent state of Israel by Jews. -
Truman doctrine
Established March 12, 1947 by President Harry S. Truman. It developed
in direct response to crises in Greece and Turkey, based on the theory of containment (limiting communism to areas already under Soviet control), it was an economic and military program intended to help nations resist Soviet aggression and prevent the spread of communism. It crystallized the new U.S perception of a world divided between free and enslaved peoples. The doctrine provided over $400,000,000 in aid to nations. -
History of the Cold War
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Cold War Artifacts
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Nkrumah
1947 becomes general secretary of Gold Coast Convention, 1948 is arrested, 1949 arranges Convention People’s Party. -
1947/1948; Marshall Plan
Proposed in 1947 and funded in 1948. Also known as the European Recovery Program but commonly called the Marshall Plan after U.S secretary of state George C. Marshall, proposed to rebuild European economies through cooperation and capitalism, forestalling communist or Soviet influence in devastated nations of Europe. The Marshall Plan was a massive economic aid package, part of the containment policy, designed to strengthened democracy and lessen the appeal of communism (developed after WWII). -
Independence of India and Pakistan
The conflict between the Muslims of Pakistan and and Hindus of India had been building and had turned into a violent affair. Finally British relinquished their hold on India and made it a separate state than Pakistan. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s prime minister, very reluctantly accepted the act that freed India and Pakistan from british rule and made them independent of each other, while Muhammad Ali Jinnah favored the separation. Nehru, like Gandhi was in favor of India being united. -
Death of Gandhi
Gandhi was an activist for the independence and unification of India. He was known for his non-violent resistance and implementing civil disobedience. He fought for India and Pakistan to come together and tried to decrease the violence between Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi was shot by a Hindu extremist and it was was a great loss to his friend and fellow activist Jawaharlal Nehru. -
Stalin
1948 attempts to seize Berlin and that ignites US’s determination to help communist countries, 1961 Berlin wall is created because of Stalin’s efforts to seize Berlin. -
Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The US and 11 other western nations formed this organization, and the Soviet Union and its communist nations created the Warsaw pact, in 1955, which became a rival alliance with NATO. Because of the European nations taking sides between these two camps, the biggest political division between Europe since WWII was created. -
1949 September: Mao Zedong, a Communist, takes control of China
Mao wanted to fight the US in a land war in Korea because they did not have a Navy so the US could not fight at sea. He also started the cultural revolution to speed up change and eliminate Western, capitalist influence in China. -
Senator McCarthy
Gives speech that says spies are employed in the US gov’t. December 1954 Congress votes to “censure” him. -
Peaceful Coexsistence; 1950's
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Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed and applied by the Soviet Union at various points during the Cold War in the context of its Marxist-Leninist foreign policy and was adopted by Social states influenced by soviets in order for them to peacefully coexist with the Capitalist bloc. The Soivet Union applied this principle to relations between the western world and in particular, the USA and NATO countries and the nations of the Warsaw Pact. -
Reformed Capitalism
During this time, ideology served to promote idealized versions of the strengths of both the capitalist and communist society. The U.S ideology promoted capitalism that was different from the laissez-faire capitalism of the 19th century; it was a new reformed type of capitalism. This reformed type protected the social and economic rights of citizens by accepting the idea of a welfare state and government intervention in the economy. -
Reformed Capitalism
During this time, ideology served to promote idealized versions of the strengths of both the capitalist and communist society. The U.S ideology promoted capitalism that was different from the laissez-faire capitalism of the 19th century; it was a new reformed type of capitalism. This reformed type protected the social and economic rights of citizens by accepting the idea of a welfare state and government intervention in the economy. -
Eisenhower
CIA-backed coup in Iran 1954 CIA-backed coup in Guatemala Dien Bien Phu falls to pro-Communist forces Geneva Conference splits Vietnam into two countries SEATO is founded 1955 Warsaw Pact is signed 1956 Suez crisis erupts USSR puts down Hungarian Revolution Eisenhower is reelected 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine is announced USSR launches Sputnik I 1958 Congress passes National Defense Education Act 1960 U-2 incident embarrasses U.S. government 1961 Eisenhower gives farewell address. -
Reformed Communism
(After Stalin’s death) A refined ideology also developed in the Soviet Union, by Stalin’s successor, Nikita Khrushchev. Reformed communism was one without the terror and intimidation that had characterized the Stalin era. It was also aware of the failure of collectivized agriculture, the overemphasis of heavy industry and the inefficiencies of central planning. Khrushchev also called for a more economically productive type that aimed for balanced growth. He wished to give communism the capacity -
Reformed Communism
(After Stalin’s death) A refined ideology also developed in the Soviet Union, by Stalin’s successor, Nikita Khrushchev. Reformed communism was one without the terror and intimidation that had characterized the Stalin era. It was also aware of the failure of collectivized agriculture, the overemphasis of heavy industry and the inefficiencies of central planning. Khrushchev also called for a more economically productive type that aimed for balanced growth. -
Mau Mau
Kenyan uprising that occured in 1953-1960, occured because of Britain’s treatment of the Kenyans, 1963 Kenya earns their independence -
Domino Theory
[Domino theory](◦http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/eisenhower-gives-famous-domino-theory-speech)Eisenhower made a speech after France had trouble regaining control of vietnam. Japan moved in and vietnamese nationalists took over. (communism) Eisenhower said that the fall of French Indochina to the communists could create a "domino" effect in Southeast Asia. -
The peace conference held in Geneva
The peace conference held in Geneva determined that Vietnam should be temporarily divided. North Vietnam would be controlled by Ho Chi Minh and the communist forces, and south Vietnam would be in the hands of non communists. -
Nonalignment
The Non-Aligned Movement ( aka NAM) is a group of states which are not aligned formally with or against any major power. A significant obstacle in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian the president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, Ho Chi Mihn and many others adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation". -
Bandung Conference
The Afro-Asian Conference--popularly known as the Bandung Conference because it was held in Bandung, Indonesia--comes to a close on this day. During the conference, representatives from 29 "non-aligned" nations in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East met to condemn colonialism, decry racism, and express their reservations about the growing Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. In April 1955, representatives from 29 of these nations. -
Independence of the Gold Coast
Gold Coast was one of the first African colony in the southern sahara area to achieve independence.Following World War II, the British in the GOld Coast began making preparations such as allowing more africans to be nominated to the Legislative Council. However, the Africans wanted full freedom. The leader of their largely nonviolent movement was Kwame Nkrumah. Starting in 1947, he worked to liberate the Gold Coast from the British. Nkrumah organized strikes and boycotts and often imprisoned. -
1959: Nixon:
Summer of 1959--”the kitchen debate” between the representatives of the world’s most powerful nations. July of 1959, President of the U.S Richard Nixon arrived in Moscow to open the American National Exhibition (a rare display of U.S goods on Russian soil). Nixon’s host, Soviet premier Nikita S. Khrushchev was not in the mood to embrace his guest from the U.S because he was convinced that Nixon’s visit to Moscow was timed to embarrass Khrushchev publicly. -
National Liberation
In 1960, Vietnamese nationalists formed this to fight for freedom from South Vietnamese rule. Vietnamese from the South acquired direction, aid, weapons, and troops from the north as well. In action, the government in the north received economic and military assistance from the Soviet Union and China, and a cold war deadlock arises. -
1961-1989; Berlin Wall
The Berlin WallBerlin Wall- In post WW11 Germany, the Berlin Wall was raised on August 6, 1961, along the demarcation between the eastern sector of Berlin controlled by the Soviet Union, and the Western sectors occupied by the U.S, France, and Great Britain. The “Berlin Crisis” involved a controversy so bitter and so sustained; the crisis unfolded through a war of words, negotiations, superpower summits, and military posturing and preparations --> Cold War. The day the wall was constructed the GDR began. -
President Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, Texas
President Kennedy AssassinatedPresident Kennedy was murdered during the Cold War, just a year after the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. Because of the Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy subsequently pursued more moderate policies with regard to the Soviet Union Kennedy being assasinated. -
Deterrence
Deterrence is the use of punishment as a threat to keep people from offending; breaking rules or terms.
