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13th Amendment
The 13th amendment was made in 1865. This amendment abolished slavery. It was ratified on December 6, 1865. At that time, former President Abraham Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation. -
14th Amendment
The 14th amendment granted citizenship to all that are born or naturalized in the United States. It also forbids states to deny any person their rights, without due process of law. -
15th Amendment
The 15th amendment guarantees that all citizens right to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. -
Plessey v. Ferguson
In Plessey v. Ferguson, Homer Plessey, who was 7/8's white, was told to go on a white train car. But when he got there, he was told he had to go into the colored car. He didn't move, and got arrested. He claimed that they had violated the 13th and 14th amendment. They said that Plessey's rights were not violated. -
Truman Desegregates the Military
In World War 2, the Army became the largest minority employer. But there were still problems with segregation. President Roosevelt responded to many complaints regarding the discrimination. When President Truman became president after Roosevelt, there was many problems left behind that faced him. He called on Congress to enact all of the recommendations. He then went on to abolish segregation in the Armed Forces. -
Brown v. Board of Ed.
Brown v. Board of Ed., there are 4 cases regarding segregation in schools, and it was claimed that all of those cases violated the 14th amendment. The Supreme Court unanimous decision was that they were correct and that it was violating the 14th amendment. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks had gone into a bus. She sat in the colored spot in the back of the bus, but the bus driver noticed that there were many white people standing up. The was a line that would separate colored from white. The bus driver set back the line, and told all of those colored folks to go back. Rosa Parks was the only one who hadn't moved, and she got arrested. -
Little Rock Crisis
The Little Rock Nine were nine students who went to a all-white school, due to the Brown v. Board of Ed. The nine students were escorted to school with officials. -
Sit-in Movement
On February 1, 1960, a new tactic was added to the peaceful activists' strategy. Four African American college students walked up to a whites-only lunch counter at the local WOOLWORTH'S store in Greensboro, North Carolina, and asked for coffee. When service was refused, the students sat patiently. Despite threats and intimidation, the students sat quietly and waited to be served. -
Freedom Riders
Freedom Riders were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. Freedom Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters at bus stations in Alabama, The groups were confronted by arresting police officers—as well as horrific violence from white protesters—along their routes, but also drew international attention to their cause. -
James Meredith and Ole Miss
James Meredith, an African American man, attempted to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi in 1962. Chaos soon broke out on the Ole Miss campus, with riots ending in two dead, hundreds wounded and many others arrested, after the Kennedy administration called out some 31,000 National Guardsmen and other federal forces to enforce order.
